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BS EN IEC 61400-1:2019

BS EN IEC 61400-1:2019

$215.11

Wind energy generation systems – Design requirements

Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
BSI 2019 176
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This part of IEC 61400 specifies essential design requirements to ensure the structural integrity of wind turbines. Its purpose is to provide an appropriate level of protection against damage from all hazards during the planned lifetime.

This document is concerned with all subsystems of wind turbines such as control and protection functions, internal electrical systems, mechanical systems and support structures.

This document applies to wind turbines of all sizes. For small wind turbines, IEC 61400‑2 can be applied. IEC 61400‑3‑1 provides additional requirements to offshore wind turbine installations.

This document is intended to be used together with the appropriate IEC and ISO standards mentioned in Clause 2.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
2 undefined
6 Annex ZA(normative)Normative references to international publicationswith their corresponding European publications
9 CONTENTS
17 FOREWORD
19 INTRODUCTION
20 1 Scope
2 Normative references
22 3 Terms and definitions
30 4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
4.1 Symbols and units
33 4.2 Abbreviated terms
34 5 Principal elements
5.1 General
5.2 Design methods
5.3 Safety classes
5.4 Quality assurance
5.5 Wind turbine markings
35 6 External conditions
6.1 General
6.2 Wind turbine classes
36 Tables
Table 1 – Basic parameters for wind turbine classes
37 6.3 Wind conditions
6.3.1 General
38 6.3.2 Normal wind conditions
39 Figures
Figure 1 – Turbulence standard deviation and turbulence intensity for the normal turbulence model (NTM)
40 6.3.3 Extreme wind conditions
41 Figure 2 – Example of extreme operating gust
42 Figure 3 – Example of extreme direction change magnitude
Figure 4 – Example of extreme direction change transient
43 Figure 5 – Example of extreme coherent gust amplitude for ECD
44 Figure 6 – Direction change for ECD
Figure 7 – Example of direction change transient
45 6.4 Other environmental conditions
6.4.1 General
Figure 8 – Examples of extreme positive and negative vertical wind shear, wind profile before onset (t = 0, dashed line) and at maximum shear (t = 6 s, full line)
Figure 9 – Example of wind speeds at rotor top and bottom, respectively, which illustrate the transient positive wind shear
46 6.4.2 Normal other environmental conditions
6.4.3 Extreme other environmental conditions
6.5 Electrical power network conditions
47 7 Structural design
7.1 General
7.2 Design methodology
7.3 Loads
7.3.1 General
48 7.3.2 Gravitational and inertial loads
7.3.3 Aerodynamic loads
7.3.4 Actuation loads
7.3.5 Other loads
7.4 Design situations and load cases
7.4.1 General
50 Table 2 – Design load cases (DLC)
51 7.4.2 Power production (DLC 1.1 to 1.5)
52 7.4.3 Power production plus occurrence of fault or loss of electrical network connection (DLC 2.1 to 2.5)
54 7.4.4 Start-up (DLC 3.1 to 3.3)
7.4.5 Normal shutdown (DLC 4.1 to 4.2)
55 7.4.6 Emergency stop (DLC 5.1)
7.4.7 Parked (standstill or idling) (DLC 6.1 to 6.4)
56 7.4.8 Parked plus fault conditions (DLC 7.1)
7.4.9 Transport, assembly, maintenance and repair (DLC 8.1 and 8.2)
7.5 Load calculations
57 7.6 Ultimate limit state analysis
7.6.1 Method
60 7.6.2 Ultimate strength analysis
61 Table 3 – Partial safety factors for loads γ
f
63 7.6.3 Fatigue failure
64 7.6.4 Stability
7.6.5 Critical deflection analysis
65 7.6.6 Special partial safety factors
8 Control system
8.1 General
8.2 Control functions
66 8.3 Protection functions
8.4 Control system failure analysis
8.4.1 General
67 8.4.2 Independence and common-cause failures
8.4.3 Fault exclusions
8.4.4 Failure mode return periods
8.4.5 Systematic failures
8.5 Manual operation
8.6 Emergency stop button function
68 8.7 Manual, automatic, and remote restart
69 8.8 Braking system
9 Mechanical systems
9.1 General
70 9.2 Errors of fitting
9.3 Hydraulic or pneumatic systems
9.4 Main gearbox
9.5 Yaw system
Table 4 – Minimum safety factor SH,min and SF,min for the yaw gear system
71 9.6 Pitch system
9.7 Protection function mechanical brakes
9.8 Rolling element bearings
9.8.1 General
9.8.2 Main shaft bearings
9.8.3 Generator bearings
72 9.8.4 Pitch and yaw bearings
10 Electrical system
10.1 General
10.2 General requirements for the electrical system
10.3 Internal environmental conditions
74 10.4 Protective devices
10.5 Disconnection from supply sources
10.6 Earth system
10.7 Lightning protection
75 10.8 Electrical cables
10.9 Self-excitation
10.10 Protection against lightning electromagnetic impulse
10.11 Power quality
76 10.12 Electromagnetic compatibility
10.13 Power electronic converter systems and equipment
10.14 Twist/drip loop
10.15 Slip rings
77 10.16 Vertical power transmission conductors and components
10.17 Motor drives and converters
78 10.18 Electrical machines
10.19 Power transformers
10.20 Low voltage switchgear and controlgear
10.21 High voltage switchgear
79 10.22 Hubs
11 Assessment of a wind turbine for site-specific conditions
11.1 General
11.2 Assessment of the topographical complexity of the site and its effect on turbulence
11.2.1 Assessment of the topographical complexity
80 Figure 10 – Examples of 30° sectors for fitting the terrain data
81 Figure 11 – Terrain variation (Δz) and terrain slope (θ )
82 11.2.2 Assessment of turbulence structure at the site
Table 5 – Threshold values of the terrain complexity categories L, M and H
Table 6 – Values of lateral and vertical turbulence standard deviations relative to the longitudinal component depending on terrain complexity category L, M and H
83 11.3 Wind conditions required for assessment
11.3.1 General
11.3.2 Wind condition parameters
Table 7 – Values of turbulence structure correction parameter depending on terrain complexity category L, M and H
84 11.3.3 Measurement setup
85 11.3.4 Data evaluation
11.4 Assessment of wake effects from neighbouring wind turbines
11.5 Assessment of other environmental conditions
86 11.6 Assessment of earthquake conditions
87 11.7 Assessment of electrical network conditions
11.8 Assessment of soil conditions
11.9 Assessment of structural integrity by reference to wind data
11.9.1 General
11.9.2 Assessment of the fatigue load suitability by reference to wind data
88 Figure 12 – Possible combinations of normalized mean wind speed and Weibull shape parameter k (shaded area)
89 11.9.3 Assessment of the ultimate load suitability by reference to wind data
11.10 Assessment of structural integrity by load calculations with reference to site-specific conditions
90 12 Assembly, installation and erection
12.1 General
91 12.2 Planning
12.3 Installation conditions
12.4 Site access
12.5 Environmental conditions
12.6 Documentation
92 12.7 Receiving, handling and storage
12.8 Foundation/anchor systems
12.9 Assembly of wind turbine
12.10 Erection of wind turbine
12.11 Fasteners and attachments
12.12 Cranes, hoists and lifting equipment
93 13 Commissioning, operation and maintenance
13.1 General
13.2 Design requirements for safe operation, inspection and maintenance
94 13.3 Instructions concerning commissioning
13.3.1 General
13.3.2 Energization
13.3.3 Commissioning tests
13.3.4 Records
13.3.5 Post commissioning activities
13.4 Operator’s instruction manual
13.4.1 General
95 13.4.2 Instructions for operations and maintenance records
13.4.3 Instructions for unscheduled automatic shutdown
13.4.4 Instructions for diminished reliability
13.4.5 Work procedures plan
96 13.4.6 Emergency procedures plan
13.5 Maintenance manual
97 14 Cold climate
14.1 General
14.2 Low temperature and icing climate
14.3 External conditions for cold climate
14.3.1 General
14.3.2 Wind turbine class for cold climate
98 14.4 Structural design
14.5 Design situations and load cases
14.5.1 General
14.5.2 Load calculations
14.5.3 Selection of suitable materials
99 14.6 Control systems
14.7 Mechanical systems
14.8 Electrical systems
100 Annexes
Annex A (normative) Design parameters for external conditions
A.1 Design parameters for describing wind turbine class S
A.1.1 General
A.1.2 Machine parameters
A.1.3 Wind conditions
A.1.4 Electrical network conditions
101 A.1.5 Other environmental conditions (where taken into account)
A.2 Additional design parameters for describing cold climate wind turbine class S (CC-S)
Table A.1 – Design parameters for describing cold climate wind turbine class S (CC-S)
103 Annex B (informative) Design load cases for special class S wind turbine designor site suitability assessment
B.1 General
B.2 Power production (DLC 1.1 to 1.9)
104 Table B.1 – Design load cases
107 Annex C (informative) Turbulence models
C.1 General
C.2 Mann [3] uniform shear turbulence model
110 C.3 Kaimal [1] spectrum and exponential coherence model
111 Table C.1 – Turbulence spectral parameters for the Kaimal model
112 C.4 Reference documents
113 Annex D (informative) Assessment of earthquake loading
D.1 General
D.2 Design response spectrum
114 D.3 Structure model
115 D.4 Seismic load evaluation
Figure D.1 – Structure model for response spectrum method
116 D.5 Additional load
117 D.6 Reference documents
118 Annex E (informative) Wake and wind farm turbulence
E.1 Added wake turbulence method
119 Table E.1 – Number (N) of neighbouring wind turbines
120 E.2 Dynamic wake meandering model
E.2.1 General
Figure E.1 – Configuration – Inside a wind farmwith more than 2 rows
121 E.2.2 Wake deficit
Figure E.2 – The three fundamental parts of the DWM model
122 E.2.3 Meandering
123 E.2.4 Wake induced turbulence
E.2.5 Wake superposition
124 E.2.6 Model synthesis
E.3 Reference documents
125 Annex F (informative) Prediction of wind distribution for wind turbine sites by measure-correlate-predict (MCP) methods
F.1 General
F.2 Measure-correlate-predict (MCP)
F.3 Application to annual mean wind speed and distribution
F.4 Application to extreme wind speed
126 F.5 Reference documents
127 Annex G (informative) Statistical extrapolation of loads for ultimate strength analysis
G.1 General
G.2 Data extraction for extrapolation
128 G.3 Load extrapolation methods
G.3.1 General
G.3.2 Global extremes
130 G.3.3 Local extremes
G.3.4 Long-term empirical distributions
131 G.4 Convergence criteria
G.4.1 General
G.4.2 Load fractile estimate
132 G.4.3 Confidence bounds
G.4.4 Confidence intervals based on bootstrapping
G.4.5 Confidence intervals based on the binomial distribution
133 G.5 Inverse first-order reliability method (IFORM)
Table G.1 – Parameters needed to establish binomial-based confidence intervals
135 G.6 Reference documents
Table G.2 – Short-term load exceedance probabilities as a function of hub-height wind speed for different wind turbine classes for use with the IFORM procedure
137 Annex H (informative) Fatigue analysis using Miner’s rule with load extrapolation
H.1 Fatigue analysis
140 H.2 Reference documents
142 Annex I (informative) Contemporaneous loads
I.1 General
Table I.1 – Extreme loading matrix
143 I.2 Scaling
I.3 Averaging
144 Annex J (informative) Prediction of the extreme wind speed of tropical cyclones by using Monte Carlo simulation method
J.1 General
J.2 Prediction of tropical cyclone induced extreme wind speeds
J.2.1 General
J.2.2 Evaluation of tropical cyclone parameters
145 J.2.3 Generation of synthetic tropical cyclones
J.2.4 Prediction of wind speeds in the tropical cyclone boundary
146 J.3 Prediction of extreme wind speed in mixed climate regions
J.3.1 General
J.3.2 Extreme wind distributions of extratropical cyclones by the MCP method
147 J.3.3 Extreme wind distributions of tropical cyclones by the MCS method
J.3.4 Determination of extreme wind speed in a mixed climate region
J.4 Reference documents
149 Annex K (informative) Calibration of structural material safety factors and structural design assisted by testing
K.1 Overview and field of application
K.2 Target reliability level
K.3 Safety formats
151 K.4 Reliability-based calibration
152 K.5 Calibration using the design value format
K.6 Partial safety factors for fatigue for welded details in steel structures
Table K.1 – Partial safety factor for model uncertainty, γ δ
153 Table K.2 – Recommended values for partial safety factor for fatigue strength, γ Mf
154 K.7 Types of tests for materials
K.8 Planning of tests
K.8.1 General
K.8.2 Objectives and scope
K.8.3 Prediction of test results
Table K.3 – Recommended partial safety factor
for fatigue stresses, γ Ff
155 K.8.4 Specification of test specimen and sampling
K.8.5 Loading specifications
K.8.6 Testing arrangement
156 K.8.7 Measurements
K.8.8 Evaluation and reporting the test
K.9 General principles for statistical evaluations
157 K.10 Derivation of characteristic values
K.11 Statistical determination of characteristic value for a single property
158 K.12 Statistical determination of characteristic value for resistance models
K.12.1 General
Table K.4 – Values of kn for the 5 % characteristic value
159 K.12.2 Step 1: Develop a design model
K.12.3 Step 2: Compare experimental and theoretical values
160 K.12.4 Step 3: Estimate the mean value correction factor (bias) b
K.12.5 Step 4: Estimate the coefficient of variation of the errors
Figure K.1 – re-rt diagram
161 K.12.6 Step 5: Analyse compatibility
K.12.7 Step 6: Determine the coefficients of variation VXi of the basic variables
K.12.8 Step 7: Determine the characteristic value rk of the resistance
163 K.13 Reference documents
164 Annex L (informative) Cold climate: assessment and effects of icing climate
L.1 Assessment of icing climate conditions
L.1.1 General
L.1.2 Icing climate
165 L.1.3 Rotor icing
Figure L.1 – Definition of meteorological icing and rotor icing
166 L.1.4 Measurement methods
L.1.5 Profile coefficients modification for ice
Figure L.2 – Representative ice affected rotor area as defined by rotor icing height
167 L.2 Ice mass effects on wind turbine blades
Figure L.3 – Iced airfoil lift and drag penalty factors
168 L.3 Cold climate design situations and load case
L.3.1 General
L.3.2 Power production (DLC 1.1 to 1.6)
L.3.3 Parked (standstill or idling) (DLC 6.1 to 6.5)
L.3.4 Parked and fault conditions (DLC 7.1)
L.4 Cold climate load calculations
Table L.1 – Cold climate design load cases
169 L.5 Reference documents and bibliography
Table L.2 – Blade ice mass and airfoil penalty factors used in different analysis types
170 Annex M (informative) Medium wind turbines
M.1 Overview
M.2 External conditions
M.2.1 General
M.2.2 Wind shear
M.3 Assembly, installation and erection
171 M.4 Commissioning, operation and maintenance
172 M.5 Documentation
174 Bibliography

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BS EN IEC 61400-1:2019
$215.11