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BS IEC 62548-1:2023

BS IEC 62548-1:2023

$215.11

Photovoltaic (PV) arrays – Design requirements

Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
BSI 2023 108
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PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
2 undefined
4 CONTENTS
8 FOREWORD
10 1 Scope
2 Normative references
13 3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviated terms
3.1 Terms and definitions
19 3.2 Symbols
22 3.3 Abbreviated terms
4 Compliance with IEC 60364 series
23 5 PV array system configuration
5.1 General
5.1.1 Functional configuration of a PV system
5.1.2 PV system topologies
Figures
Figure 1 – General functional configuration of a PV powered system
24 5.1.3 Array electrical diagrams
25 Figure 2 – PV array diagram – single string example
26 Figure 3 – PV array diagram – multiple parallel string example
27 Figure 4 – PV array diagram – multiple parallel string examplewith array divided into sub-arrays
28 Figure 5 – PV array example using a PCE with multiple MPPT DC inputs
29 Figure 6 – PV array example using a PCE with multiple DCinputs internally connected to a common DC bus
30 5.1.4 Use of PCE with multiple DC inputs
5.1.5 PV arrays using DCUs
31 Figure 7 – PV string constructed using DCUs
32 Figure 8 – Example of partial DCU string
33 Figure 9 – PV parallel strings constructed using DCUs
34 Figure 10 – PV string(s) connected to DCUs
35 5.1.6 Series-parallel configuration
5.1.7 Batteries in systems
36 5.1.8 Backfeed and reverse currents
5.1.9 Considerations due to prospective fault current conditions within a PV array
5.1.10 Considerations due to operating temperature
37 5.1.11 Performance issues
38 5.1.12 Potential induced degradation
5.1.13 Corrosion
5.1.14 Mechanical design
39 5.1.15 Mechanical loads on PV structures
41 6 Safety issues
6.1 General
6.2 Protection against electric shock
6.2.1 General
6.2.2 Protective measure: double or reinforced insulation
6.2.3 Protective measure: extra-low-voltage provided by SELV or PELV
6.3 Protection against thermal effects
6.3.1 General
42 6.3.2 Protection against fire caused by arcs
6.3.3 Protection against arc flash
6.4 Protection against the effects of insulation faults
6.4.1 General
43 6.4.2 Segregation of PV circuits from other circuits
6.4.3 Earth fault detection and indication requirements
45 Tables
Table 1 – Requirements for different system types basedon PCE separation and PV array functional earthing
46 Table 2 – Minimum insulation resistance thresholds for detection of failure of insulation to earth
48 Table 3 – Trip current of functional earthing overcurrent protection.
49 6.5 Protection against overcurrent
6.5.1 General
6.5.2 Requirement for overcurrent protection
50 6.5.3 Requirements for overcurrent protection of circuits
51 Table 4 – Overcurrent protection nominal rating
52 6.5.4 Overcurrent protection for PV systems connected to batteries
Figure 11 – Example of a PV array diagram where strings are groupedunder one overcurrent protection device per group
53 6.5.5 Overcurrent protection location
6.6 Protection against effects of lightning and overvoltage
6.6.1 General
54 6.6.2 Protection against overvoltage
Table 5 – Calculation of the critical length Lcrit
55 7 Selection and erection of electrical equipment
7.1 General
56 7.2 Component requirements
7.2.1 General
7.2.2 Current rating of PV circuits
57 7.2.3 PV modules
Table 6 – Minimum current rating of circuits
58 7.2.4 PV array and PV string combiner boxes
59 7.2.5 Fuses
7.2.6 Circuit breakers used for overcurrent protection
60 7.2.7 Isolation means and isolation means with breaking capabilities
62 7.2.8 Cables
64 7.2.9 Plugs, sockets and connectors in PV circuits
Figure 12 – Examples of reinforced protection of wiring
65 7.2.10 Wiring in combiner boxes
7.2.11 Bypass diodes
66 7.2.12 Blocking diodes
7.2.13 Power conversion equipment (PCE) including DC conditioning units (DCUs)
67 7.3 Location and installation requirements
7.3.1 Isolation means
Table 7 – Isolation means in PV array installations
69 7.3.2 Earthing and bonding arrangements
70 Figure 13 – PV array exposed conductive partsfunctional earthing/bonding decision tree
71 Figure 14 – Exposed conductive parts earthing in a PV array
72 7.3.3 Wiring system
75 Figure 15 – Examples of string wiring with minimum loop area
76 8 Acceptance
9 Operation/maintenance
10 Marking and documentation
10.1 Equipment marking
10.2 Requirements for signs
10.3 Identification of a PV installation
10.4 Labelling of PV array and PV string combiner boxes
77 10.5 Labelling of isolation means
10.5.1 General
10.5.2 PV array isolation means with breaking capabilities
10.6 Warning sign for anti-PID equipment
10.7 Documentation
78 Annex A (informative)Examples of signs
Figure A.1 – Example of sign required on PV array combiner boxes (10.4)
Figure A.2 – Example of switchboard sign for identification of PV on a building
79 Annex B (informative)Examples of system earthingconfigurations in PV arrays
Figure B.1 – Functionally earthed system topologies
80 Figure B.2 – Non-earth-referenced system topologies
81 Figure B.3 – Non-separated system topologies
82 Annex C (informative)Blocking diode
C.1 General
C.2 Use of blocking diodes to prevent overcurrent/fault current in arrays
C.3 Examples of blocking diode use in fault situations
C.3.1 General
C.3.2 Short circuit in PV string
83 Figure C.1 – Effect of blocking diode where there is a short circuit in PV string
Figure C.2 – Effect of blocking diode where there is an earth faulton a system with earthing on the negative side
84 C.4 Specification of blocking diode
C.5 Heat dissipation design for blocking diode
Figure C.3 – Effect of blocking diode where there isan earth fault on a system with positive side earthing
86 Annex D (informative)Arc fault detection and interruption in PV arrays
Figure D.1 – Examples of types of arcs in PV arrays
87 Annex E (normative)DVC limits
Table E.1 – Summary of the limits of the decisive voltage classes
88 Annex F (normative)Determination of maximum voltage and maximum currents in PV circuits
F.1 UOC MAX
F.1.1 PV array maximum voltage
89 F.1.2 PV strings constructed using DC conditioning units
Table F.1 – Voltage correction factors for crystallineand multi-crystalline silicon PV modules
90 F.2 String maximum current
F.3 Calculation of potential fault currents originating from the array
F.3.1 General
F.3.2 String
F.3.3 Sub-array
F.3.4 Array
91 F.4 KI factor – general
F.5 KCorr factor – under unique environmental conditions
Table F.2 – Environmental conditions covered by KCorr = 1,0
92 F.6 KCorr factor – non optimally oriented monofacial arrays
F.7 KCorr factor – bifacial arrays
Table F.3 – Example KCorr values at different orientations and tilt for 47º north latitude
93 F.8 KCorr factor – for arrays containing non-optimally oriented bifacial modules
94 Annex G (normative)Backfeed current and PV reverse currents under fault conditions
G.1 General
G.2 Illustrated examples
Figure G.1 – Backfeed from inverter with single PV input and internal battery
95 Figure G.2 – Inverter with multiple PV inputs and external battery
96 G.3 Backfeed currents and PV reverse currents where subarrays are not combined in the PCE
Figure G.3 – Backfeed where subarrays are combined externally to PCE
98 Annex H (normative)Anti-PID
H.1 General
H.2 DC bias applied during night
Figure H.1 – Example anti-PID control using bias on dc side at night
99 H.3 DC bias applied to array output
Figure H.2 – Example of anti-PID control using bias on DC side
100 H.4 DC bias applied to AC system
Figure H.3 – Example of anti-PID control using bias on AC side
102 Annex I (informative)Arc flash
103 Annex J (normative)Qualification of DCU group voltage
J.1 Overview
J.2 Test 1: Maximum voltage operational test procedure
J.3 Test 2: Overvoltage test
105 Bibliography

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