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SMACNA HVACSystemsApplications 2010 02E

SMACNA HVACSystemsApplications 2010 02E

$86.67

HVAC Systems Applications, 2nd Edition

Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
SMACNA 2010 442
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Focuses primarily on the advancement of HVAC systems’ technology, with increasing emphasis on energy efficiency and the emergence of green and sustainable building. Provides guidance for HVAC system selection, operation, and design. Covers the fundamentals of space condition requirements and explains how the various types of air, hydronic and refrigeration HVAC system designs can be applied to buildings. Individual chapters detail system information for controls, multi-zone, dual duct, terminal reheat, variable air volume, induction and special applications such as dedicated outside air and thermal energy storage.

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PDF Pages PDF Title
5 FOREWORD
6 HVAC SYSTEMS APPLICATIONS TASK FORCE
7 NOTICE TO USERS OF THIS PUBLICATION
11 TABLE OF CONTENTS
23 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 HVAC SYSTEM PURPOSE
1.3 HUMAN THERMAL COMFORT
24 1.4 BASIC HVAC SYSTEM COMPONENTS
25 FIGURE 1-1 COMFORT ZONE
27 FIGURE 1-2 BASIC HVAC SYSTEM COMPONENTS
28 1.5 HVAC SYSTEM OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY
29 FIGURE 1-3 TYPICAL CENTRAL HVAC SYSTEM
30 FIGURE 1-4 COMMERCIAL BUILDING ENERGY USE
31 1.6 GREEN BUILDING RATING SYSTEMS
32 1.7 HVAC SYSTEM SELECTION PARAMETERS
1.8 SPACE CONDITIONS
1.9 HVAC EQUIPMENT AND SPACE
37 CHAPTER 2 HVAC SYSTEM APPLICATION FUNDAMENTALS
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 AIR CHEMISTRY
2.3 MOIST AIR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
38 2.4 MOIST AIR ENERGY CONTENT
39 FIGURE 2-1 TYPICAL HVAC PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
40 FIGURE 2-2 PSYCHROMETRIC CHART EXAMPLE
41 2.5 ZONE DEFINED
42 FIGURE 2-3 COMMERCIAL OFFICE BUILDING FLOOR PLAN
43 2.6 AIRFLOW DEFINED
2.7 SPACE CONDITIONING METHODS
44 2.8 HVAC SYSTEMS CATEGORIZED BY PRIMARY HEAT TRANSFER MEDIA
45 FIGURE 2-4 ALL-AIR HVAC SYSTEM
47 FIGURE 2-5 AIR-HYDRONIC HVAC SYSTEM
48 FIGURE 2-6 ALL-HYDRONIC HVAC SYSTEM
53 CHAPTER 3 VARIABLE-AIR-VOLUME HVAC SYSTEMS
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 VAV SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
3.3 VAV VERSUS CONSTANT-AIRVOLUME HVAC SYSTEMS
54 3.4 VAV SYSTEM OPERATION
55 FIGURE 3-1 BASIC SINGLE-ZONE COOLING ONLY VAV SYSTEM
56 3.5 VAV TERMINAL UNITS
57 FIGURE 3-2 BASIC MULTI-ZONE COOLING-ONLY VAV SYSTEM
58 FIGURE 3-3 VAV AIR TERMINAL UNIT SERVING MULTIPLE AIR OUTLETS
59 FIGURE 3-4 BASIC VAV SINGLE-DUCT TERMINAL UNIT ” FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAM
FIGURE 3-5 BASIC VAV SINGLE-DUCT TERMINAL UNIT ” CUTAWAY VIEW
60 3.6 BASIC VAV TERMINAL UNITS
FIGURE 3-6 VAV TERMINAL UNIT TYPES, CONFIGURATIONS, AND FEATURES
61 FIGURE 3-7 SINGLE-DUCT VAV TERMINAL UNIT CONTROL STRATEGY
62 FIGURE 3-8 BASIC VAV DUAL-DUCT TERMINAL UNIT ” FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAM
FIGURE 3-9 BASIC VAV DUAL-DUCT TERMINAL UNIT ” CUTAWAY VIEW
63 3.7 FAN-POWERED VAV TERMINAL UNITS
64 FIGURE 3-10 DUAL-DUCT VAV TERMINAL UNIT SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
65 FIGURE 3-11 DUAL-DUCT VAV TERMINAL UNIT ” NON-BLENDING CONTROL STRATEGY
FIGURE 3-12 DUAL-DUCT VAV TERMINAL UNIT ” MAXIMUM HEATING BLENDING CONTROL STRATEGY
66 FIGURE 3-13 DUAL-DUCT VAV TERMINAL UNIT “UNEQUAL FLOW BLENDING CONTROL STRATEGY
FIGURE 3-14 DUAL-DUCT VAV TERMINAL UNIT ” CONSTANT VOLUME BLENDING CONTROL STRATEGY
67 FIGURE 3-15 FAN-POWERED VAV TERMINAL UNIT SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
69 FIGURE 3-16 PARALLEL FLOW FAN-POWERED VAV TERMINAL UNIT ” FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAM
FIGURE 3-17 PARALLEL FLOW FAN-POWERED VAV TERMINAL UNIT ” CUTAWAY VIEW (FAN NOT SHOWN)
70 3.8 VAV TERMINAL UNITS WITH REHEAT
3.9 BYPASS VAV TERMINAL UNITS
71 FIGURE 3-18 SERIES FLOW FAN-POWERED VAV TERMINAL UNIT ” FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAM
FIGURE 3-19 SERIES FLOW FAN-POWERED VAV TERMINAL UNIT ” CUTAWAY VIEW (FAN NOT SHOWN)
72 FIGURE 3-20 VAV TERMINAL UNIT WITH REHEAT ” FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAM
FIGURE 3-21 BYPASS (DUMP) VAV TERMINAL UNIT ” FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAM
73 3.10 VAV TERMINAL UNIT
74 3.11 HVAC SYSTEMS INCORPORATING VAV
75 FIGURE 3-22 VAV TERMINAL UNIT INLET MULTIPOINT PRESSURE SENSOR
FIGURE 3-23 MULTIPOINT PRESSURE SENSOR
79 CHAPTER 4 MULTIZONE HVAC SYSTEMS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 MULTIZONE HVAC SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
4.3 USE OF A MULTIZONE HVAC SYSTEM
80 FIGURE 4-1 MULTIZONE HVAC SYSTEM
83 CHAPTER 5 TERMINAL REHEAT HVAC SYSTEMS
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
5.3 SYSTEM FEATURES
84 5.4 SYSTEM LAYOUT
5.5 SYSTEM OPERATION
FIGURE 5-1 TYPICAL TERMINAL REHEAT HVAC SYSTEM FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAM
85 5.6 VAV HVAC SYSTEM WITH TERMINAL REHEAT
FIGURE 5-2 CONSTANT VOLUME TERMINAL REHEAT UNIT
89 CHAPTER 6 DUAL-DUCT HVAC SYSTEMS
6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.2 DUAL-DUCT HVAC SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
6.3 DUAL-DUCT HVAC SYSTEM APPLICATION
90 FIGURE 6-1 DUAL-DUCT SINGLE-FAN HVAC SYSTEM
91 FIGURE 6-2 DUAL-DUCT SINGLE-FAN HVAC SYSTEM SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
92 FIGURE 6-3 DUAL-DUCT DUAL-FAN HVAC SYSTEM SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
93 6.4 DUAL-DUCT HVAC SYSTEM OPERATION
6.5 DUAL-DUCT HVAC SYSTEM FEATURES
94 FIGURE 6-4 DUAL-DUCT LOW VELOCITY SYSTEM
95 FIGURE 6-5 DUAL-DUCT HIGH VELOCITY SYSTEM
96 6.6 CENTRAL DUAL-DUCT HVAC SYSTEM EQUIPMENT
97 6.7 DUAL-DUCT HVAC SYSTEM AIR TERMINAL UNITS
98 FIGURE 6-6 MIXING AND VOLUME CONTROL METHOD USING SELF-ACTUATED SPRING-LOADED VOLUME REGULATOR FOR CONSTANT VOLUME SYSTEM
99 FIGURE 6-7 MIXING AND VOLUME CONTROL METHOD USING FLOW REGULATOR FOR CONSTANT VOLUME SYSTEM
100 6.8 SYSTEM OPERATION
6.9 IMPROVING EXISTING DUAL-DUCT HVAC SYSTEM PERFORMANCE
105 CHAPTER 7 INDUCTION REHEAT HVAC SYSTEMS
7.1 INTRODUCTION
7.2 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
7.3 INDUCTION TERMINAL UNITS
106 FIGURE 7-1 INDUCTION REHEAT SYSTEM
107 FIGURE 7-2 INDUCTION TERMINAL UNIT FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAM
108 7.4 SYSTEM OPERATION
FIGURE 7-3 TWO-PIPE INDUCTION TERMINAL UNIT BYPASS CONTROL
109 7.5 SYSTEM ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
113 CHAPTER 8 UNITARY HVAC SYSTEMS
8.1 INTRODUCTION
8.2 UNITARY HVAC SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS
8.3 UNITARY HVAC SYSTEM
114 FIGURE 8-1 MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION CYCLE
116 8.4 UNITARY HVAC SYSTEM ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
117 8.5 CONVENTIONAL UNITARY HVAC SYSTEM TYPES
8.6 SINGLE-PACKAGED UNITS
119 FIGURE 8-2 ROOFTOP UNITARY HVAC SYSTEM
120 8.7 SPLIT SYSTEMS
121 8.8 PACKAGED TERMINAL AIR CONDITIONERS
122 FIGURE 8-3 SPLIT-SYSTEM UNITARY HVAC SYSTEM
124 FIGURE 8-4 THROUGH-THE-WALL PTAC WITH SEPARATE HEATING AND COOLING CHASSIS
FIGURE 8-5 THROUGH-THE-WALL PTAC WITH COMBINED CHASSIS
125 8.9 UNITARY HEAT PUMPS
127 8.10 COMBINATION UNITARY AND CENTRAL HVAC SYSTEMS
131 CHAPTER 9 CENTRAL COOLING PLANT
9.1 INTRODUCTION
9.2 CENTRAL COOLING PLANT OPERATION AND COMPONENTS
9.3 CHILLER PURPOSE
9.4 CHILLER REFRIGERATION CYCLE
132 FIGURE 9-1 CENTRAL COOLING PLANT SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
133 FIGURE 9-2 VAPOR-COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION CYCLE
135 9.5 REFRIGERANT
136 9.6 MOTOR-COMPRESSOR UNITS
9.7 MECHANICAL COMPRESSOR OPERATION AND CHARACTERISTICS
138 9.8 ABSORPTION CHILLERS
140 9.9 CENTRAL COOLING PLANTS WITH MULTIPLE CHILLERS
141 9.10 COOLING TOWERS
143 FIGURE 9-3 DIRECT-CONTACT EVAPORATIVE COOLING TOWER
144 FIGURE 9-4 INDIRECT-CONTACT EVAPORATIVE COOLING TOWER
145 9.11 CONDENSER WATER SYSTEMS
146 FIGURE 9-5 FORCED-DRAFT COOLING TOWER WITH COUNTERFLOW
FIGURE 9-6 INDUCED-DRAFT COOLING TOWER WITH COUNTERFLOW
147 FIGURE 9-7 FORCED-DRAFT COOLING TOWER WITH CROSSFLOW
FIGURE 9-8 INDUCED-DRAFT COOLING TOWER WITH CROSSFLOW
148 FIGURE 9-9 DOUBLE-ENTRY INDUCED-DRAFT COOLING TOWER WITH CROSSFLOW
150 9.12 EVAPORATIVE COOLING SYSTEMS
155 CHAPTER 10 CENTRAL HEATING PLANT
10.1 INTRODUCTION
10.2 FURNACES
10.3 BOILERS
156 10.4 HOT WATER VERSUS STEAM
10.5 BOILER PLANT OPERATION
157 10.6 BOILER CONSTRUCTION
158 10.7 BOILER FUELS
10.8 ELECTRIC BOILERS
10.9 BOILER RATING
Table 10-1 Boiler Rating by Facility Type
159 10.10 BOILER CONTROLS
160 10.11 BOILER FEEDWATER AND CIRCULATING PUMPS
10.12 DEAERATORS
10.13 INCREASING CONVENTIONAL BOILER PLANT EFFICIENCY
161 10.14 CONDENSING BOILERS
165 CHAPTER 11 ENGINEERED HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
11.1 INTRODUCTION
11.2 HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
11.3 HEAT PUMP SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS
168 11.4 BASIC HEAT PUMP SYSTEM ARRANGEMENTS
Table 11-1 Basic Heat Pump System Arrangements
169 FIGURE 11-1 BASIC HEAT PUMP SYSTEM ARRANGEMENTS
170 11.5 HEAT PUMP SYSTEM TYPES
171 11.6 WATER-TO-AIR HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
172 11.8 HVAC Systems Applications • Second Edition FIGURE 11-2 AIR-SOURCE HEAT PUMP SYSTEM SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
173 FIGURE 11-3 WATER-SOURCE HEAT PUMP SYSTEM SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
174 FIGURE 11-4 CLOSED LOOP WATER-TO-AIR HEAT PUMP SYSTEM SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
175 11.7 WATER-TO-AIR HEAT PUMP SYSTEM DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
179 CHAPTER 12 AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
12.1 INTRODUCTION
12.2 AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM PURPOSE
12.3 AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM COMPONENTS
12.4 SMACNA AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM STANDARDS
180 12.5 AIR DUCTS AND PLENUMS
182 12.6 AIR TERMINAL UNITS
12.7 AIR OUTLETS AND INLETS
183 12.8 PROVISIONS FOR TESTING, ADJUSTING, AND BALANCING
187 CHAPTER 13 FANS AND AIR-HANDLING UNITS
13.1 INTRODUCTION
13.2 FANS
188 FIGURE 13-1 AXIAL-FLOW FAN: PROPELLER TYPE
189 FIGURE 13-2 AXIAL-FLOW FAN: TUBE-AXIAL TYPE
FIGURE 13-3 AXIAL-FLOW FAN: VANE-AXIAL TYPE
191 FIGURE 13-4 CENTRIFUGAL FAN: BACKWARD INCLINED (AIRFOIL) BLADE
FIGURE 13-5 CENTRIFUGAL FAN: RADIAL (STRAIGHT) BLADE
192 FIGURE 13-6 CENTRIFUGAL FAN: FORWARD CURVED BLADE
193 FIGURE 13-7 SUMMARY OF FAN CATEGORIES, TYPES, AND CHARACTERISTICS
194 FIGURE 13-7 SUMMARY OF FAN CATEGORIES, TYPES, AND CHARACTERISTICS (CONTINUED)
195 FIGURE 13-8 FAN CURVE FOR TYPICAL CENTRIFUGAL FAN: BACKWARD INCLINED BLADE
197 FIGURE 13-9 FAMILY OF FAN CURVES
198 13.3 AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM OPERATION
13.4 AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM OPERATING POINT
199 FIGURE 13-10 FAN LAW EXAMPLE ILLUSTRATED WITH FAN CURVES
200 FIGURE 13-11 SYSTEM CURVE
201 FIGURE 13-12 SYSTEM CURVE CHANGE DUE TO INCREASED RESISTANCE TO FLOW
202 13.5 AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM DYNAMICS
13.6 SYSTEM OPERATING POINT AND FAN SPEED
203 FIGURE 13-13 SYSTEM OPERATING POINT
204 FIGURE 13-14 FAN AIRFLOW MODULATION “RIDING THE FAN CURVE”
205 FIGURE 13-15 VARYING FAN OPERATING POINTS WITH FAN SPEED
206 13.7 SUPPLY FAN AIRFLOW CONTROL
207 FIGURE 13-16 SUPPLY FAN AIRFLOW CONTROL METHODS
208 FIGURE 13-17 FAN POWER INPUT VERSUS RATED AIRFLOW
209 13.8 AIR HANDLING UNITS
211 FIGURE 13-18 AIR HANDLING UNIT SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
215 CHAPTER 14 AIR FILTRATION AND CLEANING
14.1 INTRODUCTION
14.2 AIR FILTRATION AND CLEANING
14.3 RATING AIR FILTERS AND CLEANERS
216 14.4 AIR POLLUTANT CAPTURE METHODS
217 14.5 CATEGORIES OF AIR FILTERS AND CLEANERS
218 Table 14-1 Mechanical Air Filter MERV Rating Information
219 14.6 PANEL FILTERS
221 14.7 RENEWABLE MEDIA FILTERS
222 14.8 ELECTRONIC AIR CLEANERS
223 14.9 AIR CLEANER AND FILTER LOCATION
224 14.10 FILTER INSTALLATION
225 14.11 ODOR REMOVAL
229 CHAPTER 15 HYDRONIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
15.1 INTRODUCTION
15.2 HOT WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM OPERATION
15.3 CHILLED WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM OPERATION
230 FIGURE 15-1 SIMPLE HOT WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
231 FIGURE 15-2 SIMPLE CHILLED WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
232 15.4 HYDRONIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
233 15.5 HYDRONIC PIPING SYSTEM CLASSIFICATION
15.6 HYDRONIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM OPERATING TEMPERATURE CLASSIFICATIONS
15.7 HYDRONIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM FLOW
234 15.8 HYDRONIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ARRANGEMENTS
235 FIGURE 15-3 ONE-PIPE HYDRONIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
236 FIGURE 15-4 TWO-PIPE HYDRONIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM (DIRECT RETURN)
238 FIGURE 15-5 TWO-PIPE HYDRONIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM (REVERSE RETURN)
239 FIGURE 15-6 THREE-PIPE HYDRONIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
240 FIGURE 15-7 FOUR-PIPE HYDRONIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM (SINGLE COIL CONVECTION TERMINAL UNITS)
242 FIGURE 15-8 FOUR-PIPE HYDRONIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM (DUAL COIL CONVECTION TERMINAL UNITS)
243 15.9 MULTI-LOOP HYDRONIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
15.10 CONTROLLING HYDRONIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM FLOW
244 FIGURE 15-9 MULTI-LOOP HYDRONIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
245 FIGURE 15-10 CONSTANT VOLUME HYDRONIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM (DIVERTING VALVE)
246 FIGURE 15-11 DIVERTING VALVE A OUT
247 15.11 HYDRONIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM COMPONENTS
248 FIGURE 15-12 CONSTANT VOLUME HYDRONIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM (MIXING VALVE)
249 FIGURE 15-13 MIXING VALVE
250 FIGURE 15-14 SINGLE-SEATED TWO-WAY VALVE
FIGURE 15-15 DOUBLE-SEATED TWO-WAY VALVE
252 15.12 HYDRONIC SYSTEM HEAT TRANSFER MODE
15.13 CONVECTION TERMINAL UNITS
256 FIGURE 15-16 PASSIVE CHILLED BEAM
FIGURE 15-17 ACTIVE CHILLED BEAM
257 15.14 THERMAL FLUIDS
258 15.15 SIZING CENTRAL EQUIPMENT FOR ALL-WATER SYSTEMS
Table 15-1 Physical and Heat Transfer Characteristics
259 15.16 HYDRONIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM DESIGN
265 CHAPTER 16 HVAC HYDRONIC PUMPS
16.1 INTRODUCTION
16.2 PUMPS
266 FIGURE 16-1 TYPICAL CENTRIFUGAL PUMP PERFORMANCE CURVES
267 16.3 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP OPERATION
269 FIGURE 16-2 TYPICAL CENTRIFUGAL PUMP PERFORMANCE CURVES SUPPLIED BY PUMP MANUFACTURERS
270 16.4 HYDRONIC SYSTEM OPERATION
271 FIGURE 16-3 PUMP AND SYSTEM CURVES
272 16.5 EXPANSION OR COMPRESSION TANK
273 FIGURE 16-4 CORRECT PUMP CONNECTION TO EXPANSION TANK
FIGURE 16-5 INCORRECT PUMP CONNECTION TO EXPANSION TANK
277 CHAPTER 17 MOTORS AND VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVES
17.1 INTRODUCTION
17.2 ELECTRIC MOTOR TYPES
278 17.3 INDUCTION MOTOR SIZE CLASSIFICATION
17.4 INDUCTION MOTOR PURPOSE CLASSIFICATION
279 FIGURE 17-1 TYPICAL INTEGRAL HORSEPOWER SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR
FIGURE 17-2 TYPICAL SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR ROTOR
280 17.5 INDUCTION MOTOR
281 17.6 INDUCTION MOTOR SPEED-TORQUE RELATIONSHIP
282 FIGURE 17-3 INDUCTION MOTOR SPEED-TORQUE CURVE
283 17.7 INDUCTION MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS
285 Table 17-1 System and Motor Voltages
Table 17-2 Voltage Tolerance Ranges
286 Table 17-3 Voltage Impact on Induction Motor’s Operation
287 Table 17-4 Induction Motor Speeds for Specified Poles
289 FIGURE 17-4 NEMA DESIGN LETTER TOQUE-SPEED CURVES
290 17.8 MOTOR STARTING
291 FIGURE 17-5 TYPICAL FULL-VOLTAGE MOTOR STARTER
292 17.9 VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVES
293 FIGURE 17-6 HVAC SYSTEM VFD USE
294 FIGURE 17-7 VFD DRIVE SYSTEM FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAM
296 FIGURE 17-8 FAN AND PUMP OPERATION AS A FUNCTION OF SPEED
299 CHAPTER 18 HVAC SYSTEM CONTROL
18.1 INTRODUCTION
18.2 CONTROL SYSTEM BASICS
300 FIGURE 18-1 GENERIC HVAC CONTROL SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM
301 FIGURE 18-2 VAV TERMINAL UNIT CONTROL BLOCK DIAGRAM
303 18.3 CONTROL LOOPS
304 18.4 THERMOSTAT: SIMPLE CONTROL SYSTEM
18.5 TYPES OF CONTROL SYSTEMS
FIGURE 18-3 CONTROL LOOP
305 FIGURE 18-4 EXAMPLE HVAC CLOSED LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM
307 FIGURE 18-5 TYPICAL PNEUMATIC CONTROL SYSTEM
308 FIGURE 18-6 TYPICAL PNEUMATIC CONTROL VALVES
309 FIGURE 18-7 AUTOMATIC MULTIBLADE DAMPERS
311 FIGURE 18-8 TYPICAL BLEED TYPE THERMOMETER AND OPERATOR
312 18.6 SENSING ELEMENTS
FIGURE 18-9 THERMOSTAT FLAPPER-NOZZLE-BIMETAL ASSEMBLY
313 18.7 CONTROL SIGNAL TRANSMISSION
315 18.8 BUILDING AUTOMATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS
18.9 REMOTE HVAC SYSTEM MONITORING AND CONTROL
18.10 OPEN-ARCHITECTURE CONTROL SYSTEMS
316 18.11 CONTROL SYSTEM APPLICATIONS
318 FIGURE 18-10 STATIC PRESSURE CONTROL OF OUTDOOR AIR
FIGURE 18-11 BASIC ECONOMY CYCLE FOR CONTROL OF OUTDOOR AIR
319 FIGURE 18-12 ENTHALPY CONTROL OF OUTDOOR AIR
320 FIGURE 18-13 OUTDOOR AIR CONTROL OF PREHEAT COIL
FIGURE 18-14 PREHEAT SECONDARY PUMP AND THREE-WAY VALVE
321 FIGURE 18-15 PREHEAT SECONDARY PUMP AND TWO-WAY VALVE
FIGURE 18-16 HEATING COIL AND TWO-WAY VALVE
323 FIGURE 18-17 ELECTRIC COIL WITH SOLID-STATE CONTROLLER
FIGURE 18-18 COOLING AND DEHUMIDIFICATION: PRACTICAL LOW LIMIT
324 FIGURE 18-19 COOLING AND DEHUMIDIFICATION WITH REHEAT
325 FIGURE 18-20 EVAPORATIVE COOLING PROCESS
FIGURE 18-21 EVAPORATIVE COOLING WITH AN AIR WASHER
326 FIGURE 18-22 PAN HUMIDIFIER CONTROL
327 FIGURE 18-23 MIXED LOADS WITH DEMAND RESET
328 FIGURE 18-24 COIL CONTROL USING A THREE-WAY VALVE
329 FIGURE 18-25 PUMP AND SYSTEM CURVES WITH VALVE CONTROL
330 FIGURE 18-26 TWO-WAY VALVE WITH PUMP BYPASS
331 FIGURE 18-27 TWO-PIPE CENTRAL PLANT SYSTEM
332 FIGURE 18-28 CONTROL OF A HOT WATER BOILER
334 FIGURE 18-29 HYDRONIC SYSTEM LOAD AND ZONE CONTROL
FIGURE 18-30 STEAM-TO-HOT WATER HEAT EXCHANGE CONTROL
335 FIGURE 18-31 DUCT HEATER CONTROL
337 18.12 CONTROL SYSTEM LAYOUT AND OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
341 CHAPTER 19 SMOKE CONTROL SYSTEMS
19.1 INTRODUCTION
19.2 SMOKE CONTROL SYSTEMS
19.3 SMOKE MOVEMENT
342 FIGURE 19-1 SMOKE CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN FACTORS
343 FIGURE 19-2 AIR MOVEMENT DUE TO NORMAL AND REVERSE STACK EFFECT
344 19.4 SMOKE MANAGEMENT
19.5 SMOKE CONTROL
345 FIGURE 19-3 SMOKE CONTROL SYSTEM USING PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL ACROSS A SMOKE BARRIER TO PREVENT SMOKE MIGRATION FROM THE LOW- TO THE HIGH-PRESSURE SIDE
FIGURE 19-4 SMOKE BACKFLOW AGAINST LOW AIR VELOCITY THROUGH AN OPEN DOORWAY
346 FIGURE 19-5 NO SMOKE BACKFLOW WITH HIGH AIR VELOCITY THROUGH AN OPEN DOORWAY
347 19.6 SIMPLE STAIRWELL PRESSURIZATION
348 FIGURE 19-6 TOP INJECTION STAIRWELL PRESSURIZATION
FIGURE 19-7 MULTIPLE INJECTION WITH GROUND LEVEL FAN
349 FIGURE 19-8 MULTIPLE INJECTION WITH ROOF MOUNTED FAN
350 19.7 COMPLEX STAIRWELL PRESSURIZATION
351 FIGURE 19-9 STAIRWELL PRESSURIZATION WITH AIR SUPPLY AT EACH FLOOR
FIGURE 19-10 STAIRWELL PRESSURIZATION WITH BYPASS AROUND SUPPLY FAN
352 19.8 ZONED SMOKE CONTROL
353 FIGURE 19-11 TYPICAL SMOKE CONTROL ZONE ARRANGEMENTS
359 CHAPTER 20 CLEANROOM HVAC SYSTEMS
20.1 INTRODUCTION
20.2 CLASSES OF CLEANROOMS
Table 20-1 FS 209(D) Cleanroom Classifications
360 Table 20-2 History of FS 209: Airborne Particulate Cleanliness Classes in Clean Rooms and Clean Zones
Table 20-3 FS 209(E) Cleanroom Classifications
361 20.3 CLEANROOM HVAC SYSTEMS
Table 20-4 ISO 14644 Family of Standards
362 Table 20-5 ISO Cleanroom and Other Associated Controlled Environments Classifications
363 20.4 CLEANROOM AIRFLOW PARAMETERS
364 FIGURE 20-1 CONVENTIONAL FLOW CLEANROOM
FIGURE 20-2 CROSS FLOW LAMINAR FLOW CLEANROOM
365 FIGURE 20-3 DOWN FLOW LAMINAR FLOW CLEANROOM
366 FIGURE 20-4 LAMINAR FLOW WORKSTATIONS
FIGURE 20-5 TYPICAL SECONDARY AIR LOCATION: CROSS FLOW LAMINAR FLOW CLEANROOM
367 FIGURE 20-6 CONVENTIONAL CLEANROOM WITH BYPASS FAN
FIGURE 20-7 CONVENTIONAL CLEANROOM WITH PACKAGED FAN/ HEPA UNITS
368 20.5 DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE CONSIDERATIONS FOR CLEANROOMS
20.6 CONTROL SYSTEMS
Table 20-6 Air Pressure Relationship
Table 20-7 Cleanroom Temperature and Humidity
369 FIGURE 20-8 CLEANROOM MECHANICAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
370 20.7 HVAC DUCTWORK
371 20.8 TYPICAL CLEANROOM SYSTEMS
372 FIGURE 20-9 TYPICAL ISO CLASS 4 CLEANROOM
373 FIGURE 20-10 TYPICAL ISO CLASS 5 CLEANROOM
374 20.9 CLEANROOM TESTING
375 FIGURE 20-11 TYPICAL ISO CLASS 7 CLEANROOM
379 CHAPTER 21 LABORATORY HVAC SYSTEMS
21.1 INTRODUCTION
21.2 LABORATORY ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS
21.3 SUPPLY AIR SYSTEMS
381 21.4 EXHAUST AIR SYSTEMS
384 21.5 LABORATORY FUME HOODS
386 FIGURE 21-1 TYPICAL PROCESS FUME HOOD
387 FIGURE 21-2 TYPICAL BYPASS FUME HOOD WITH VERTICAL SASH AND BYPASS AIR INLET
388 FIGURE 21-3 TYPICAL AUXILIARY FUME HOOD
389 21.6 BIOLOGICAL SAFETY CABINETS
390 Table 21-1 Typical Characteristics Of Biological Safety Cabinets
FIGURE 21-4 TYPICAL CLASS I BIOLOGICAL SAFETY CABINET
391 FIGURE 21-5 TYPICAL CLASS II TYPE A BIOLOGICAL SAFETY CABINET
392 21.7 BIOMEDICAL LABORATORIES AND ANIMAL RESEARCH FACILITIES
FIGURE 21-6 TYPICAL CLASS II TYPE B BIOLOGICAL SAFETY CABINET
394 FIGURE 21-7 NIH DESIGN REQUIREMENTS MANUAL CONTENTS
399 APPENDIX A DISPLACEMENT VENTILATION
A.1 DISPLACEMENT VENTILATION OVERVIEW
A.2 DV SYSTEM OPERATION
A.3 DV SYSTEM THERMAL PLUME
400 A.4 DV SYSTEM ENERGY CONSIDERATIONS
A.5 CEILING HEIGHT
A.6 HEATING WITH DV SYSTEMS
A.7 DV SYSTEMS AND UNDERFLOOR AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
401 A.8 CONCLUSION
405 APPENDIX B DEDICATED OUTSIDE AIR SYSTEMS
B.1 DEDICATED OUTSIDE AIR SYSTEMS OVERVIEW
B.2 DOAS ADVANTAGES
406 B.3 DOAS DISADVANTAGES
B.4 FRACTIONAL AND INTEGRATED DOAS SYSTEMS
409 APPENDIX C SUSTAINABLE BUILDING HVAC SYSTEMS
C.1 SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS
C.2 WHAT IS A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING?
C.3 SUSTAINABLE BUILDING RATING SYSTEMS
410 C.4 LEEDTM GREEN BUILDING CERTIFICATION
C.5 LEEDTM CERTIFICATION
411 C.6 EXAMPLE LEEDTM HVAC REQUIREMENTS
C.7 SUSTAINABLE BUILDING INFORMATION FOR THE HVAC CONTRACTOR
415 APPENDIX D THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE
D.1 FULL OR PARTIAL STORAGE
421 GLOSSARY
SMACNA HVACSystemsApplications 2010 02E
$86.67