ASCE 9780784407646 2007
$83.42
Dam Foundation Grouting
| Published By | Publication Date | Number of Pages |
| ASCE | 2007 | 494 |
Weaver and Bruce provide a state-of-the-practice review of all aspects of drilling and grouting-based technologies used for dam foundation treatment.
PDF Catalog
| PDF Pages | PDF Title |
|---|---|
| 8 | Contents |
| 18 | Preface |
| 20 | Acknowledgments |
| 22 | Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1 The Basics |
| 23 | 1.2 A History of Grouting 1.2.1 Origins in Europe |
| 25 | 1.2.2 The Early History of Grouting in the United States |
| 32 | 1.2.3 Later History of Grouting in the United States |
| 35 | 1.2.4 Late 20th Century Advances |
| 36 | 1.3 Essential Elements of a Good Grouting Project |
| 38 | 1.4 Grouting as Exploration 1.5 Computer Applications |
| 40 | Chapter 2. Geologic and Geohydrologic Considerations 2.1 Site Geology and Geohydrology Must Be Understood |
| 42 | 2.2 Site Investigations for Grouting Program Design 2.2.1 Regional Geologic Review 2.2.2 Photointerpretation |
| 43 | 2.2.3 Geologic Mapping |
| 44 | 2.2.4 Geophysical Surveys 2.2.5 Direct Subsurface Geologic Investigations |
| 47 | 2.2.6 Geohydrologic Studies |
| 49 | 2.2.7 Geologic Interpretation 2.3 Permeability Assessment for Grouting Programs |
| 55 | 2.4 Geologic Conditions Affecting Grouting Programs 2.4.1 Sedimentary Rock Foundations |
| 62 | 2.4.2 Soluble Rocks |
| 68 | 2.4.3 Volcanic and Pyroclastic Rocks |
| 74 | 2.4.4 Granitic and Metamorphic Rocks |
| 78 | 2.4.5 Tectonic Features |
| 81 | 2.4.6 Steep or Unstable Slopes |
| 83 | 2.4.7 Unconsolidated Deposits |
| 88 | Chapter 3. Conceptual Design Considerations 3.1 General Considerations 3.2 Test Grouting |
| 90 | 3.3 Grout Curtain Depth |
| 91 | 3.4 Grout Curtain Length |
| 93 | 3.5 Grout Hole Spacing 3.6 Grout Hole Orientation |
| 94 | 3.7 Single-Row Versus Multiple-Row Curtains |
| 95 | 3.8 Grout Caps and Cutoff Walls |
| 99 | 3.9 Grout Galleries |
| 102 | 3.10 Blanket Grouting and Consolidation Grouting |
| 103 | 3.11 Design Standards 3.11.1 Generalized Guidelines |
| 104 | 3.11.2 Quantitatively Engineered Grout Curtains |
| 108 | Chapter 4. Grouting Materials 4.1 Introduction and Classification |
| 109 | 4.2 Water |
| 111 | 4.3 Category 1 Materials: Particulate Grouts 4.3.1 Cements |
| 124 | 4.3.2 Pozzolans |
| 131 | 4.3.3 Clays |
| 134 | 4.3.4 Inert Fillers |
| 136 | 4.3.5 Chemical Admixtures |
| 147 | 4.4 Category 2 Materials: Colloidal Solutions |
| 151 | 4.5 Category 3 Materials: True Solutions 4.5.1 Acrylic Resins |
| 152 | 4.5.2 Phenolic Resins |
| 153 | 4.5.3 Aminoplastic Resins |
| 154 | 4.5.4 Polyurethane Resins 4.6 Category 4 Materials: Miscellaneous |
| 155 | 4.6.1 Hot Melts (Bitumens) |
| 156 | 4.6.2 Polyesters 4.6.3 Epoxies 4.6.4 Montan Wax 4.6.5 Silicones |
| 157 | 4.6.6 Silacsols 4.6.7 Precipitation Grouts 4.7 Final Remarks |
| 158 | Chapter 5. Basics of Particulate Grout Mix Design, Testing, and Performance |
| 159 | 5.1 Basic Properties and Parameters 5.1.1 Rheology |
| 166 | 5.1.2 A Little More on Rheology |
| 167 | 5.1.3 Bleed (Settlement or Sedimentation) |
| 169 | 5.1.4 Pressure Filtration |
| 171 | 5.1.5 Water-Repellent and Antiwashout Characteristics |
| 172 | 5.1.6 Prevention of Particle Agglomeration |
| 173 | 5.1.7 Hydration Control 5.1.8 Prevention of Filler Segregation 5.1.9 Matrix Porosity |
| 174 | 5.1.10 Grain Size |
| 175 | 5.1.11 Hardening 5.2 Testing of Grouts |
| 176 | 5.2.1 Cohesion and Gelation |
| 178 | 5.2.2 Apparent Viscosity |
| 179 | 5.2.3 Bleed or Sedimentation |
| 181 | 5.2.4 Pressure Filtration 5.2.5 Washout Resistance |
| 182 | 5.2.6 Filler Segregation |
| 183 | 5.2.7 Specific Gravity 5.2.8 Set Times |
| 184 | 5.2.9 Strength |
| 186 | 5.2.10 Matrix Porosity 5.2.11 Compatibility |
| 187 | 5.3 Mix Design Considerations 5.3.1 Water: Cement Ratio 5.3.2 Neat Cement Grouts |
| 190 | 5.3.3 Clay or Bentonite–Cement Grouts |
| 193 | 5.3.4 Grouts with Fillers and Pozzolans |
| 195 | 5.3.5 Grouts for Special Applications |
| 198 | 5.3.6 Grouts with Enhanced Penetrability |
| 199 | 5.4 Digest of Typical Multicomponent Formulations |
| 206 | Chapter 6. Grout Injection Pressure 6.1 Controversial Rules 6.2 European Grouting Philosophy |
| 208 | 6.3 Contemporary European Grouting Theory |
| 210 | 6.4 European and Other Foreign Grouting Practice |
| 211 | 6.5 Relevant Theory from U.S. Practice 6.6 Relevant U.S. Practice |
| 212 | 6.7 Conclusions Regarding Injection Pressure 6.7.1 Some Bases for Selection of Injection Pressures |
| 213 | 6.7.2 Special Considerations |
| 214 | Chapter 7. Miscellaneous Factors Affecting Grouting Effectiveness 7.1 Material and Mix Properties Affecting Grout Penetration 7.1.1 Rheology |
| 215 | 7.1.2 Specific Gravity 7.1.3 Settlement (Bleed) 7.1.4 Pressure Filtration |
| 216 | 7.1.5 Grain Size 7.1.6 Water-Repellent and Anti-Washout Characteristics 7.2 Fracture Characteristics Affecting Grout Penetration 7.2.1 Fracture Aperture |
| 217 | 7.2.2 Roughness 7.2.3 Hydraulic Routing |
| 218 | 7.2.4 Tortuosity 7.2.5 Porosity 7.2.6 Permeability |
| 219 | 7.3 Procedural Factors Affecting Grouting Effectiveness 7.3.1 Drilling Methods and Procedures |
| 220 | 7.3.2 Protection of Holes |
| 221 | 7.3.3 Grout Mixing Procedures 7.3.4 Choice of Grouting Method 7.3.5 Stage Refusal Criteria |
| 223 | 7.3.6 Closure Criteria |
| 224 | 7.3.7 Backfilling Method 7.4 Climatic Factors Affecting Grouting Effectiveness 7.4.1 Winter Grouting |
| 225 | 7.4.2 Hot-Weather Grouting |
| 227 | 7.5 Design Factors Affecting Grouting Effectiveness 7.5.1 Grout Curtain Depth |
| 228 | 7.5.2 Grout Curtain Length 7.5.3 Grout Curtain Width 7.5.4 Grout Hole Spacing |
| 229 | 7.5.5 Grout Hole Orientation |
| 230 | 7.6 Nebulous Factors Affecting Grouting Effectiveness |
| 231 | 7.7 Factors Affecting Grout Curtain Durability 7.7.1 Geochemical Environment 7.7.2 Grout Mix Design |
| 232 | 7.7.3 Hydraulic Gradient |
| 233 | 7.7.4 Erodibility or Solubility of the Rock Mass or Defect Infillings |
| 234 | Chapter 8. Drilling 8.1 Introduction |
| 235 | 8.2 Systems, Methods, and Applicability 8.2.1 Common Features |
| 236 | 8.2.2 Rock Drilling |
| 246 | 8.2.3 Overburden Drilling |
| 252 | 8.3 Drilling Equipment 8.3.1 Drilling Rigs |
| 253 | 8.3.2 Flush Pumps |
| 254 | 8.3.3 Winches |
| 255 | 8.3.4 Scaffolding |
| 258 | 8.3.5 Mobile Platforms 8.4 The Significance of Circulation Type and Application |
| 263 | 8.5 Borehole Deviation 8.5.1 Controls over Deviation |
| 265 | 8.5.2 Examples of Monitored Deviation Data |
| 267 | 8.5.3 Measurement of Deviation |
| 276 | 8.6 Recording of Drilling Progress and Parameters 8.6.1 Basic Concepts |
| 278 | 8.6.2 Manual Measurement While Drilling 8.6.3 Automated Measurement While Drilling |
| 283 | 8.7 Final Comments |
| 284 | Chapter 9. Grouting Equipment 9.1 Grout Mixers 9.1.1 High-Speed, High-Shear Colloidal Mixers |
| 287 | 9.1.2 Paddle Mixers |
| 289 | 9.1.3 Other Types of Mixers 9.2 Grout Agitators |
| 295 | 9.3 Grout Pumps 9.3.1 Progressive Cavity Pumps |
| 296 | 9.3.2 Piston Pumps |
| 297 | 9.3.3 Plunger Pumps 9.4 Auxiliary Equipment 9.4.1 Water Meters |
| 298 | 9.4.2 Flow Meters |
| 299 | 9.4.3 Water Tanks 9.4.4 Bentonite Hydration Tanks 9.5 Grout Plants |
| 301 | 9.5.1 Stationary (Central) Plants |
| 302 | 9.5.2 Modular (Containerized) Plants |
| 303 | 9.5.3 Bag Plants |
| 305 | 9.6 Basic Equipment for Grout Injection 9.6.1 Conventional Grout Headers |
| 307 | 9.6.2 Pressure Gauges 9.6.3 Pressure and Flow Recorders |
| 310 | 9.6.4 Packers |
| 311 | 9.6.5 Sleeved Pipes |
| 313 | 9.6.6 Multiple-Packer Sleeved Pipe System 9.7 Automated Recording and Control Systems 9.7.1 Recording and Monitoring Systems |
| 317 | 9.7.2 New Developments |
| 321 | 9.8 Uplift Monitoring Devices 9.8.1 General Considerations |
| 322 | 9.8.2 Simple Devices |
| 323 | 9.8.3 Recent Developments in Displacement Detection |
| 326 | Chapter 10. Preparation for Grouting 10.1 General Considerations 10.2 Excavation and Shaping 10.2.1 Core Foundation Excavation Depth |
| 327 | 10.2.2 Foundation Shaping 10.3 Geologic Mapping |
| 329 | 10.4 Bedrock Surface Treatment |
| 331 | 10.4.1 Treatment of Joints, Faults, and Fracture Zones |
| 333 | 10.4.2 Control of Springs and Seeps during Construction 10.4.3 Surface Coatings |
| 335 | 10.4.4 Dental Concrete 10.4.5 Regularizing Concrete 10.5 Grout Caps and Cutoff Walls |
| 337 | 10.6 Grout Galleries 10.7 Access for Drilling, Grouting, and Inspection 10.8 Work Area Protection |
| 338 | 10.9 Surveys 10.9.1 Preliminary Surveys |
| 339 | 10.9.2 Supplementary Surveys 10.10 Grout Nipples and Standpipes |
| 340 | 10.11 Arrangement of Equipment 10.11.1 Grout Plants and Agitators 10.11.2 Headers and Pressure and Flow Recorders |
| 342 | Chapter 11. Basic Procedures for Bedrock Grouting 11.1 Evolution of Bedrock Grouting Procedures |
| 343 | 11.2 Pattern and Sequence 11.2.1 Blanket Grouting |
| 344 | 11.2.2 Multiple-Row Curtains 11.2.3 Split-Spacing Sequences |
| 346 | 11.3 Bedrock Drilling Procedures |
| 349 | 11.4 Washing Procedures 11.4.1 Special Washing 11.4.2 Pressure Washing |
| 351 | 11.5 Water-Pressure Testing 11.5.1 Objectives |
| 353 | 11.5.2 Routine Water-Pressure Tests |
| 354 | 11.5.3 Multiple-Stage Water-Pressure Tests 11.6 Bedrock Grouting Procedures 11.6.1 General Procedures |
| 358 | 11.6.2 Packer Seating Procedure |
| 359 | 11.6.3 Grout Mixing Procedures |
| 360 | 11.6.4 Selection of Grout Injection Pressures |
| 362 | 11.6.5 Grout Injection Procedures |
| 374 | 11.6.6 Treatment of Special Problems |
| 375 | 11.6.7 Grout Hole Backfilling 11.7 Protection of Grout Holes |
| 376 | 11.8 Soil and Embankment Grouting Methods 11.8.1 Permeation Grouting 11.8.2 Compaction Grouting |
| 377 | 11.8.3 Hydrofracture Grouting 11.8.4 Jet Grouting 11.8.5 Deep Mixing Method (DMM) |
| 380 | Chapter 12. Supervision and Inspection 12.1 Overview |
| 381 | 12.2 Supervision |
| 383 | 12.3 Inspection |
| 386 | 12.3.2 Inspection of Grouting Operations |
| 388 | 12.4 Safety Considerations |
| 389 | 12.5 Duties of Data Coordinators |
| 390 | 12.6 Office Facilities for Grouting Operations |
| 391 | 12.7 Field Laboratory Facilities |
| 392 | Chapter 13. Records 13.1 General Considerations |
| 393 | 13.2 Field Records 13.2.1 Grout Hole Drilling Logs |
| 395 | 13.2.3 Pressure Testing and Grouting Logs |
| 396 | 13.2.4 Daily Grouting Reports 13.2.5 Field Testing Reports |
| 397 | 13.3 Office Records 13.3.1 Progress Records 13.3.2 Data Tabulations 13.3.3 Plan Drawings |
| 398 | 13.3.4 Profile Drawings |
| 399 | 13.3.5 Other Records 13.4 Progress Reports |
| 402 | Chapter 14. Quality Assurance, Quality Control, and Verification 14.1 The Review Process |
| 403 | 14.2 Closure Criteria 14.2.1 Permeability Criteria |
| 405 | 14.2.2 Grout Take Criteria |
| 407 | 14.2.3 Geologic Criteria |
| 408 | 14.2.4 Observational Criteria 14.3 Statistical Evaluation Procedures 14.3.1 Reduction Ratios |
| 410 | 14.3.2 Mean Value Bar Graphs 14.3.3 Frequency Distribution Histograms 14.3.4 Summation Curves |
| 411 | 14.3.5 Permeability Profiles |
| 412 | 14.4 Detailed Evaluation |
| 414 | 14.5 Verification Holes |
| 415 | 14.6 Quality Control Testing of Grouts |
| 416 | 14.7 The Final Test |
| 418 | Chapter 15. Some Considerations for Remedial Grouting 15.1 Outlook for Future Remedial Needs |
| 419 | 15.2 A Problem Appears |
| 420 | 15.3 The Search for Causative Factors 15.3.1 Geologic Factors |
| 422 | 15.3.2 Dissolution of Grout Curtain 15.3.3 Inappropriate Grouting Materials and Formulations |
| 423 | 15.3.4 Design Factors |
| 425 | 15.3.5 Inappropriate Drilling Procedures |
| 426 | 15.3.6 Inadequate Grouting Equipment |
| 427 | 15.3.7 Adverse Climatic Conditions 15.3.8 Inadequate Closure of Curtain |
| 428 | 15.3.9 Inadequate Injection Pressure 15.3.10 Inadequate Quality Assurance and Verification Procedures |
| 429 | 15.3.11 Lack of Connection to the Structure 15.3.12 Failure of Calculated Risk 15.3.13 Economic Factors |
| 430 | 15.4 Some Examples of Causative Factors |
| 432 | 15.5 Basic Considerations for Remedial Grouting |
| 433 | 15.6 Factors Impeding Remedial Grouting |
| 434 | 15.7 Basic Principles for Remedial Grouting |
| 435 | 15.7.1 Reduce the Reservoir Head if Feasible 15.7.2 Select Appropriate Grouting Materials |
| 436 | 15.7.3 Intersect the Voids and Other Openings |
| 437 | 15.7.4 Use Correct and Appropriate Grout-Delivery Systems 15.7.5 Monitor the Injection Data |
| 438 | 15.7.6 Monitor Seepage, Drains, Piezometers, and Wells 15.7.7 Modify the Program as Appropriate 15.7.8 Verify the Results of the Completed Remedial Work 15.8 Remedial Grouting Options 15.8.1 Targeted Supplementary Grouting |
| 439 | 15.8.2 Curtain Regrouting 15.8.3 New Upstream Curtain |
| 440 | 15.8.4 Partial Demolition and Reconstruction of the Dam 15.8.5 Illustrative Case Histories |
| 448 | 15.9 Some Considerations for Bid Procurement and Contract Administration |
| 450 | Chapter 16. Specifications and Contracts 16.1 General and Historical Perspective |
| 452 | 16.2 Types of Specifications and Contracts |
| 454 | 16.3 Items To Be Addressed in Specifications |
| 458 | 16.4 The Qualifications and Prequalification of Bidders |
| 459 | 16.5 The Need for Flexibility and a Partnering Mentality |
| 460 | 16.6 The Advisability of Independent Technical Review |
| 462 | References |
| 486 | Index A B C |
| 487 | D E F |
| 488 | G |
| 489 | H I |
| 490 | J K L M N O |
| 491 | P Q R |
| 492 | S T |
| 493 | U V W Y Z |
| 494 | About the Authors |
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