ASHRAE Handbook 08 IP 2008
$102.38
2008 ASHRAE Handbook HVAC Systems and Equipment (I-P Edition)
| Published By | Publication Date | Number of Pages |
| ASHRAE | 2008 |
PDF Catalog
| PDF Pages | PDF Title |
|---|---|
| 1 | I-P_S08_Ch01 I-P_S08_Ch01 Fig. 1 Process Flow Diagram Fig. 1 Process Flow Diagram Fig. 1 Process Flow Diagram Fig. 1 Process Flow Diagram Selecting a System Selecting a System |
| 2 | Additional Goals Additional Goals System Constraints System Constraints Constructability Constraints Constructability Constraints |
| 3 | Narrowing the Choices Narrowing the Choices Selection Report Selection Report HVAC Systems and Equipment HVAC Systems and Equipment Decentralized System Characteristics Decentralized System Characteristics |
| 4 | Table 1 Sample HVAC System Analysis and Selection Matrix (0 to 10 Score) Table 1 Sample HVAC System Analysis and Selection Matrix (0 to 10 Score) Centralized System Characteristics Centralized System Characteristics |
| 5 | Primary Equipment Primary Equipment Refrigeration Equipment Refrigeration Equipment Heating Equipment Heating Equipment Air Delivery Equipment Air Delivery Equipment Space Requirements Space Requirements |
| 6 | Equipment Rooms Equipment Rooms Fan Rooms Fan Rooms Horizontal Distribution Horizontal Distribution Vertical Shafts Vertical Shafts |
| 7 | Rooftop Equipment Rooftop Equipment Equipment Access Equipment Access Air Distribution Air Distribution Air Terminal Units Air Terminal Units Duct Insulation Duct Insulation Ceiling and Floor Plenums Ceiling and Floor Plenums |
| 8 | Pipe Distribution Pipe Distribution Pipe Systems Pipe Systems Pipe Insulation Pipe Insulation Security Security Automatic Controls and Building Management System Automatic Controls and Building Management System Maintenance Management System Maintenance Management System |
| 9 | Building System Commissioning Building System Commissioning References References |
| 10 | I-P_S08_Ch02 I-P_S08_Ch02 System Characteristics System Characteristics Advantages Advantages |
| 11 | Disadvantages Disadvantages Design Considerations Design Considerations Air-Side Economizer Air-Side Economizer Water-Side Economizer Water-Side Economizer |
| 12 | Window-Mounted and Through-the-Wall Room HVAC Units and Air-Cooled Heat Pumps Window-Mounted and Through-the-Wall Room HVAC Units and Air-Cooled Heat Pumps Advantages Advantages Disadvantages Disadvantages Design Considerations Design Considerations |
| 13 | Water-Source Heat Pump Systems Water-Source Heat Pump Systems Advantages Advantages Disadvantages Disadvantages Design Considerations Design Considerations Fig. 1 Multiple-Unit Systems Using Single-Zone Unitary HVAC Equipment Fig. 1 Multiple-Unit Systems Using Single-Zone Unitary HVAC Equipment Fig. 1 Multiple-Unit Systems Using Single-Zone Unitary HVAC Equipment Fig. 1 Multiple-Unit Systems Using Single-Zone Unitary HVAC Equipment Multiple-Unit Systems Multiple-Unit Systems |
| 14 | Advantages Advantages Disadvantages Disadvantages Design Considerations Design Considerations Fig. 2 Vertical Self-Contained Unit Fig. 2 Vertical Self-Contained Unit Fig. 2 Vertical Self-Contained Unit Fig. 2 Vertical Self-Contained Unit Fig. 3 Multiroom, Multistory office Building with Unitary Core and Through-the-Wall Perimeter Air Conditioners (Combination Similar to Figure 1) Fig. 3 Multiroom, Multistory office Building with Unitary Core and Through-the-Wall Perimeter Air Conditioners (Combination Similar to Figure 1) Fig. 3 Multiroom, Multistory Office Building with Unitary Core and Through-the-Wall Perimeter Air Conditioners (Combination Similar to Figure 1) Fig. 3 Multiroom, Multistory Office Building with Unitary Core and Through-the-Wall Perimeter Air Conditioners (Combination Similar to Figure 1) |
| 15 | Residential and Light Commercial Split Systems Residential and Light Commercial Split Systems Advantages Advantages Disadvantages Disadvantages Design Considerations Design Considerations Commercial Self-Contained (Floor-by-Floor) Systems Commercial Self-Contained (Floor-by-Floor) Systems Advantages Advantages |
| 16 | Fig. 4 Commercial Self-Contained Unit with Discharge Plenum Fig. 4 Commercial Self-Contained Unit with Discharge Plenum Fig. 4 Commercial Self-Contained Unit with Discharge Plenum Fig. 4 Commercial Self-Contained Unit with Discharge Plenum Disadvantages Disadvantages Design Considerations Design Considerations |
| 17 | Commercial Outdoor Packaged Systems Commercial Outdoor Packaged Systems Advantages Advantages Disadvantages Disadvantages Design Considerations Design Considerations |
| 18 | Automatic Controls and Building Management Systems Automatic Controls and Building Management Systems Maintenance Management Maintenance Management Building System Commissioning Building System Commissioning |
| 19 | Bibliography Bibliography |
| 20 | I-P_S08_Ch03 I-P_S08_Ch03 System Characteristics System Characteristics Advantages Advantages |
| 21 | Disadvantages Disadvantages Design Considerations Design Considerations Cooling and Heating Loads Cooling and Heating Loads System Flow Design System Flow Design |
| 22 | Fig. 1 Primary Variable-Flow System Fig. 1 Primary Variable-Flow System Fig. 1 Primary Variable-Flow System Fig. 1 Primary Variable-Flow System Fig. 2 Primary (Limited) Variable-Flow System Using Head Pressure Control Fig. 2 Primary (Limited) Variable-Flow System Using Head Pressure Control Fig. 2 Primary (Limited) Variable-Flow System Using Distribution Pressure Control Fig. 2 Primary (Limited) Variable-Flow System Using Distribution Pressure Control Energy Recovery and Thermal Storage Energy Recovery and Thermal Storage Equipment Equipment Primary Refrigeration Equipment Primary Refrigeration Equipment |
| 23 | Fig. 3 Primary/Secondary Pumping Chilled-Water System Fig. 3 Primary/Secondary Pumping Chilled-Water System Fig. 3 Primary/Secondary Pumping Chilled-Water System Fig. 3 Primary/Secondary Pumping Chilled-Water System Fig. 4 Primary/Secondary Pumping Hot-Water System Fig. 4 Primary/Secondary Pumping Hot-Water System Fig. 4 Primary/Secondary Pumping Hot-Water System Fig. 4 Primary/Secondary Pumping Hot-Water System Ancillary Refrigeration Equipment Ancillary Refrigeration Equipment |
| 24 | Primary Heating Equipment Primary Heating Equipment Ancillary Heating Equipment Ancillary Heating Equipment |
| 25 | Distribution Systems Distribution Systems Acoustic, Vibration, and Seismic Considerations Acoustic, Vibration, and Seismic Considerations Sound and Vibration Sound and Vibration |
| 26 | Seismic Issues Seismic Issues Space Considerations Space Considerations |
| 27 | Location of Central Plant and Equipment Location of Central Plant and Equipment Central Plant Security Central Plant Security Automatic Controls and Building Management Systems Automatic Controls and Building Management Systems |
| 28 | Instrumentation Instrumentation Maintenance Management Systems Maintenance Management Systems Building System Commissioning Building System Commissioning References References |
| 29 | I-P_S08_Ch04 I-P_S08_Ch04 Advantages Advantages Disadvantages Disadvantages |
| 30 | Heating and Cooling Calculations Heating and Cooling Calculations Zoning Zoning Space Heating Space Heating Air Temperature Versus Air Quantity Air Temperature Versus Air Quantity |
| 31 | Space Pressure Space Pressure Other Considerations Other Considerations First, Operating, and Maintenance Costs First, Operating, and Maintenance Costs Energy Energy Air-Handling Units Air-Handling Units Fig. 1 Typical Air-Handling Unit Configurations Fig. 1 Typical Air-Handling Unit Configurations Fig. 1 Typical Air-Handling Unit Configurations Fig. 1 Typical Air-Handling Unit Configurations |
| 32 | Primary Equipment Primary Equipment Air-Handling Equipment Air-Handling Equipment Central Mechanical Equipment Rooms (MERs) Central Mechanical Equipment Rooms (MERs) Decentralized MERs Decentralized MERs Fans Fans Air-Handling Unit Psychrometric Processes Air-Handling Unit Psychrometric Processes Cooling Cooling Fig. 2 Direct-Expansion or Chilled Water Cooling and Dehumidification Fig. 2 Direct-Expansion or Chilled Water Cooling and Dehumidification Fig. 2 Direct-Expansion or Chilled-Water Cooling and Dehumidification Fig. 2 Direct-Expansion or Chilled-Water Cooling and Dehumidification |
| 33 | Fig. 3 Direct Spray of Water in Airstream Cooling Fig. 3 Direct Spray of Water in Airstream Cooling Fig. 3 Direct Spray of Water in Airstream Cooling Fig. 3 Direct Spray of Water in Airstream Cooling Heating Heating Fig. 4 Indirect Evaporative Cooling Fig. 4 Indirect Evaporative Cooling Fig. 4 Supersaturated Evaporative Cooling Fig. 4 Supersaturated Evaporative Cooling Fig. 5 Steam, Hot-Water, and Electric Heating, and Direct and Indirect Gas- and Oil-Fired Heat Exchangers Fig. 5 Steam, Hot-Water, and Electric Heating, and Direct and Indirect Gas- and Oil-Fired Heat Exchangers Fig. 5 Steam, Hot-Water, and Electric Heating, and Direct and Indirect Gas- and Oil-Fired Heat Exchangers Fig. 5 Steam, Hot-Water, and Electric Heating, and Direct and Indirect Gas- and Oil-Fired Heat Exchangers Humidification Humidification Dehumidification Dehumidification |
| 34 | Fig. 6 Direct Spray of Recirculated Water Fig. 6 Direct Spray of Recirculated Water Fig. 6 Direct Spray Humidification Fig. 6 Direct Spray Humidification Fig. 7 Steam Injection Humidification Fig. 7 Steam Injection Humidification Fig. 7 Steam Injection Humidification Fig. 7 Steam Injection Humidification Fig. 8 Chemical Humidification Fig. 8 Chemical Humidification Fig. 8 Chemical Dehumidification Fig. 8 Chemical Dehumidification Air Mixing or Blending Air Mixing or Blending Air-Handling Unit Components Air-Handling Unit Components Return Air Fan Return Air Fan |
| 35 | Relief Air Fan Relief Air Fan Automatic Dampers Automatic Dampers Relief Openings Relief Openings Return Air Dampers Return Air Dampers Outside Air Intakes Outside Air Intakes Economizers Economizers Mixing Plenums Mixing Plenums |
| 36 | Static Air Mixers Static Air Mixers Filter Section Filter Section Preheat Coil Preheat Coil Cooling Coil Cooling Coil |
| 37 | Reheat Coil Reheat Coil Humidifiers Humidifiers Dehumidifiers Dehumidifiers Energy Recovery Devices Energy Recovery Devices Sound Control Devices Sound Control Devices Supply Air Fan Supply Air Fan |
| 38 | Miscellaneous Components Miscellaneous Components Air Distribution Air Distribution Ductwork Design Ductwork Design Single-Duct Systems Single-Duct Systems Constant Volume Constant Volume |
| 39 | Fig. 9 Constant-Volume System with Reheat and Fan-Powered Terminal Unit Fig. 9 Constant-Volume System with Reheat and Fan-Powered Terminal Unit Fig. 9 Constant-Volume System with Reheat Fig. 9 Constant-Volume System with Reheat Variable Air Volume (VAV) Variable Air Volume (VAV) Fig. 10 Variable-Air-Volume System with Reheat and Induction and Fan-Powered Devices Fig. 10 Variable-Air-Volume System with Reheat and Induction and Fan-Powered Devices Fig. 10 Variable-Air-Volume System with Reheat and Induction and Fan-Powered Devices Fig. 10 Variable-Air-Volume System with Reheat and Induction and Fan-Powered Devices |
| 40 | Fig. 11 Single-Fan, Dual-Duct System Fig. 11 Single-Fan, Dual-Duct System Fig. 11 Single-Fan, Dual-Duct System Fig. 11 Single-Fan, Dual-Duct System Dual-Duct Systems Dual-Duct Systems Constant Volume Constant Volume Variable Air Volume Variable Air Volume Fig. 12 Variable Air Volume, Dual Duct, Dual Fan Fig. 12 Variable Air Volume, Dual Duct, Dual Fan Fig. 12 Dual-Fan, Dual-Duct System Fig. 12 Dual-Fan, Dual-Duct System |
| 41 | Multizone Systems Multizone Systems Fig. 13 Multizone System Fig. 13 Multizone System Fig. 13 Multizone System Fig. 13 Multizone System Special Systems Special Systems Primary/Secondary Primary/Secondary |
| 42 | Fig. 14 Primary/Secondary System Fig. 14 Primary/Secondary System Fig. 14 Primary/Secondary System Fig. 14 Primary/Secondary System Dedicated Outdoor Air Dedicated Outdoor Air Underfloor Air Distribution Underfloor Air Distribution Fig. 15 Underfloor Air Displacement Fig. 15 Underfloor Air Displacement Fig. 15 Underfloor Air Distribution Fig. 15 Underfloor Air Distribution |
| 43 | Wetted Duct/Supersaturated Wetted Duct/Supersaturated Fig. 16 Supersaturated/Wetted Coil Fig. 16 Supersaturated/Wetted Coil Fig. 16 Supersaturated/Wetted Coil Fig. 16 Supersaturated/Wetted Coil Compressed-Air and Water Spray Compressed-Air and Water Spray Low-Temperature Low-Temperature Smoke Management Smoke Management Terminal Units Terminal Units |
| 44 | Constant-Volume Reheat Constant-Volume Reheat Variable Air Volume Variable Air Volume |
| 45 | Terminal Humidifiers Terminal Humidifiers Terminal Filters Terminal Filters Air Distribution System Controls Air Distribution System Controls |
| 46 | Automatic Controls and Building Management System Automatic Controls and Building Management System Maintenance Management System Maintenance Management System Building System Commissioning Building System Commissioning References References Bibliography Bibliography |
| 47 | I-P_S08_Ch05 I-P_S08_Ch05 System Characteristics System Characteristics |
| 48 | Heating and Cooling Calculations Heating and Cooling Calculations Space Heating Space Heating Central Ventilation Systems Central Ventilation Systems Piping Distribution Piping Distribution Other Considerations Other Considerations First, Operating, and Maintenance Costs First, Operating, and Maintenance Costs |
| 49 | Energy Energy System Components and Configurations System Components and Configurations Components Components Configurations Configurations Piping Arrangements Piping Arrangements Four-Pipe Distribution Four-Pipe Distribution |
| 50 | Fig. 1 Typical Fan-Coil Unit Arrangements Fig. 1 Typical Fan-Coil Unit Arrangements Fig. 1 Typical Fan-Coil Arrangements Fig. 1 Typical Fan-Coil Arrangements Two-Pipe Distribution Two-Pipe Distribution Three-Pipe Distribution Three-Pipe Distribution Fan-Coil Unit Systems Fan-Coil Unit Systems |
| 51 | Fig. 2 Typical Fan-Coil Unit Fig. 2 Typical Fan-Coil Unit Fig. 2 Typical Fan-Coil Unit Fig. 2 Typical Fan-Coil Unit Types and Location Types and Location Ventilation Air Requirements Ventilation Air Requirements Selection Selection Wiring Wiring Condensate Condensate |
| 52 | Capacity Control Capacity Control Maintenance Maintenance Unit Ventilator Systems Unit Ventilator Systems Types and Location Types and Location Ventilation Air Requirements Ventilation Air Requirements Selection Selection Wiring Wiring |
| 53 | Condensate Condensate Capacity Control Capacity Control Maintenance Maintenance Chilled-Beam Systems Chilled-Beam Systems Types and Location Types and Location Ventilation Air Requirements Ventilation Air Requirements Selection Selection Wiring Wiring Condensate Condensate Capacity Control Capacity Control Maintenance Maintenance |
| 54 | Radiant-Panel Heating Systems Radiant-Panel Heating Systems Types and Location Types and Location Ventilation Air Requirements Ventilation Air Requirements Selection Selection Wiring Wiring Capacity Control Capacity Control Maintenance Maintenance Other Radiant Panel Options Other Radiant Panel Options Radiant-Floor Heat Systems Radiant-Floor Heat Systems Types and Location Types and Location Ventilation Air Requirements Ventilation Air Requirements Selection Selection Wiring Wiring Capacity Control Capacity Control Maintenance Maintenance Induction-Unit Systems Induction-Unit Systems |
| 55 | Supplemental Heating Units Supplemental Heating Units Central Plant Equipment Central Plant Equipment Ventilation Ventilation Fig. 3 IP Fig. 3 IP Fig. 3 Ventilation from Separate Duct System Fig. 3 Ventilation from Separate Duct System |
| 56 | Primary-Air Systems Primary-Air Systems Fig. 4 Primary-air System Fig. 4 Primary-air System Fig. 4 Primary-Air System Fig. 4 Primary-Air System Performance Under Varying Load Performance Under Varying Load |
| 57 | Fig. 5 Solar Radiation Variations with Seasons Fig. 5 Solar Radiation Variations with Seasons Fig. 5 Solar Radiation Variations with Seasons Fig. 5 Solar Radiation Variations with Seasons Changeover Temperature Changeover Temperature Refrigeration Load Refrigeration Load |
| 58 | Two-Pipe Systems with Central Ventilation Two-Pipe Systems with Central Ventilation Fig. 6 IP Fig. 6 IP Fig. 6 Capacity Ranges of In-Room Terminal Operating on Two-Pipe System Fig. 6 Capacity Ranges of In-Room Terminal Operating on Two-Pipe System Critical Design Elements Critical Design Elements |
| 59 | Fig. 7 IP Fig. 7 IP Fig. 7 Primary-Air Temperature Versus Outside Air Temperature Fig. 7 Primary-Air Temperature Versus Outside Air Temperature Changeover Temperature Considerations Changeover Temperature Considerations Fig. 8 IP Fig. 8 IP Fig. 8 Psychrometric Chart, Two-Pipe System, Off-Season Cooling Fig. 8 Psychrometric Chart, Two-Pipe System, Off-Season Cooling Fig. 9 IP Fig. 9 IP Fig. 9 Typical Changeover System Temperature Variation Fig. 9 Typical Changeover System Temperature Variation Nonchangeover Design Nonchangeover Design |
| 60 | Fig. 10 IP Fig. 10 IP Fig. 10 Typical Nonchangeover System Variations Fig. 10 Typical Nonchangeover System Variations Zoning Zoning Room Control Room Control Evaluation Evaluation Electric Heat for Two-Pipe Systems Electric Heat for Two-Pipe Systems Four-Pipe Systems Four-Pipe Systems |
| 61 | Fig. 11 Fan Coil Unit Control Fig. 11 Fan Coil Unit Control Fig. 11 Fan-Coil Unit Control Fig. 11 Fan-Coil Unit Control Zoning Zoning Room Control Room Control Evaluation Evaluation Secondary-Water Distribution Secondary-Water Distribution Automatic Controls and Building Management Systems Automatic Controls and Building Management Systems |
| 62 | Maintenance Management Systems Maintenance Management Systems Building System Commissioning Building System Commissioning References References Bibliography Bibliography |
| 63 | I-P_S08_Ch06 I-P_S08_Ch06 Principles of Thermal Radiation Principles of Thermal Radiation General Evaluation General Evaluation |
| 64 | Heat Transfer by Panel Surfaces Heat Transfer by Panel Surfaces Heat Transfer by Thermal Radiation Heat Transfer by Thermal Radiation |
| 65 | Fig. 1 IP Fig. 1 IP Fig. 1 Radiation Heat Flux at Heated Ceiling, Floor, or Wall Panel Surfaces Fig. 1 Radiation Heat Flux at Heated Ceiling, Floor, or Wall Panel Surfaces Fig. 2 IP Fig. 2 IP Fig. 2 Heat Removed by Radiation at Cooled Ceiling or Wall Panel Surface Fig. 2 Heat Removed by Radiation at Cooled Ceiling or Wall Panel Surface Heat Transfer by Natural Convection Heat Transfer by Natural Convection |
| 66 | Fig. 3 IP Fig. 3 IP Fig. 3 Natural-Convection Heat Transfer at Floor, Ceiling, and Wall Panel Surfaces Fig. 3 Natural-Convection Heat Transfer at Floor, Ceiling, and Wall Panel Surfaces Fig. 4 IP Fig. 4 IP Fig. 4 Empirical Data for Heat Removal by Ceiling Cooling Panels from Natural Convection Fig. 4 Empirical Data for Heat Removal by Ceiling Cooling Panels from Natural Convection |
| 67 | Combined Heat Flux (Thermal Radiation and Natural Convection) Combined Heat Flux (Thermal Radiation and Natural Convection) Fig. 5 IP Fig. 5 IP Fig. 5 Relation of Inside Surface Temperature to Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient Fig. 5 Relation of Inside Surface Temperature to Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient Fig. 6 IP Fig. 6 IP Fig. 6 Inside Surface Temperature Correction for Exposed Wall at Dry-Bulb Air Temperatures Other Than 70ËšF Fig. 6 Inside Surface Temperature Correction for Exposed Wall at Dry-Bulb Air Temperatures Other Than 70ËšF Fig. 7 IP Fig. 7 IP Fig. 7 Cooled Ceiling Panel Performance in Uniform Environment with No Infiltration and No Internal Heat Sources Fig. 7 Cooled Ceiling Panel Performance in Uniform Environment with No Infiltration and No Internal Heat Sources |
| 68 | General Design Considerations General Design Considerations Panel Thermal Resistance Panel Thermal Resistance Table 1 Thermal Resistance of Ceiling Panels Table 1 Thermal Resistance of Ceiling Panels |
| 69 | Effect of Floor Coverings Effect of Floor Coverings Table 2 Thermal Conductivity of Typical Tube Material Table 2 Thermal Conductivity of Typical Tube Material Table 3 Thermal Resistance of Floor Coverings Table 3 Thermal Resistance of Floor Coverings Panel Heat Losses or Gains Panel Heat Losses or Gains |
| 70 | Fig. 8 IP Fig. 8 IP Fig. 8 Downward and Edgewise Heat Loss Coefficient for Concrete Floor Slabs on Grade Fig. 8 Downward and Edgewise Heat Loss Coefficient for Concrete Floor Slabs on Grade Panel Performance Panel Performance Panel Design Panel Design |
| 71 | Fig. 9 IP Fig. 9 IP Fig. 9 Design Graph for Sensible Heating and Cooling with Floor and Ceiling Panels Fig. 9 Design Graph for Sensible Heating and Cooling with Floor and Ceiling Panels Heating and Cooling Panel Systems Heating and Cooling Panel Systems |
| 72 | Fig. 10 IP Fig. 10 IP Fig. 10 Design Graph for Heating with Aluminum Ceiling and Wall Panels Fig. 10 Design Graph for Heating with Aluminum Ceiling and Wall Panels Special Cases Special Cases |
| 73 | Hydronic Panel Systems Hydronic Panel Systems Design Considerations Design Considerations Fig. 11 Both Fig. 11 Both Fig. 11 Primary/Secondary Water Distribution System with Mixing Control Fig. 11 Primary/Secondary Water Distribution System with Mixing Control |
| 74 | Fig. 12 Both Fig. 12 Both Fig. 12 Split Panel Piping Arrangement for Two-Pipe and Four-Pipe Systems Fig. 12 Split Panel Piping Arrangement for Two-Pipe and Four-Pipe Systems |
| 75 | Hydronic Metal Ceiling Panels Hydronic Metal Ceiling Panels Fig. 13 IP Fig. 13 IP Fig. 13 Metal Ceiling Panels Attached to Pipe Laterals Fig. 13 Metal Ceiling Panels Attached to Pipe Laterals Fig. 14 Both Fig. 14 Both Fig. 14 Metal Ceiling Panels Bonded to Copper Tubing Fig. 14 Metal Ceiling Panels Bonded to Copper Tubing |
| 76 | Fig. 15 Both Fig. 15 Both Fig. 15 Extruded Aluminum Panels with Integral Copper Tube Fig. 15 Extruded Aluminum Panels with Integral Copper Tube Fig. 16 IP Fig. 16 IP Fig. 16 Permitted Design Ceiling Surface Temperatures at Various Ceiling Heights Fig. 16 Permitted Design Ceiling Surface Temperatures at Various Ceiling Heights Distribution and Layout Distribution and Layout Fig. 17 Both Fig. 17 Both Fig. 17 Coils in Structural Concrete Slab Fig. 17 Coils in Structural Concrete Slab |
| 77 | Fig. 18 IP Fig. 18 IP Fig. 18 Coils in Plaster Above Lath Fig. 18 Coils in Plaster Above Lath Fig. 19 Both Fig. 19 Both Fig. 19 Coils in Plaster Below Lath Fig. 19 Coils in Plaster Below Lath Hydronic Wall Panels Hydronic Wall Panels Fig. 20 Both Fig. 20 Both Fig. 20 Coils in Floor Slab on Grade Fig. 20 Coils in Floor Slab on Grade Hydronic Floor Panels Hydronic Floor Panels |
| 78 | Fig. 21 IP Fig. 21 IP Fig. 21 Embedded Tube in Thin Slab Fig. 21 Embedded Tube in Thin Slab Fig. 22 Both Fig. 22 Both Fig. 22 Tube in Subfloor Fig. 22 Tube in Subfloor Fig. 23 Both Fig. 23 Both Fig. 23 Tube Under Subfloor Fig. 23 Tube Under Subfloor Electrically Heated Panel Systems Electrically Heated Panel Systems Electric Ceiling Panels Electric Ceiling Panels |
| 79 | Table 4 Characteristics of Typical Electric Panels Table 4 Characteristics of Typical Electric Panels Fig. 24 Both Fig. 24 Both Fig. 24 Electric Heating Panels Fig. 24 Electric Heating Panels |
| 80 | Fig. 25 IP Fig. 25 IP Fig. 25 Electric Heating Panel for Wet Plaster Ceiling Fig. 25 Electric Heating Panel for Wet Plaster Ceiling Electric Wall Panels Electric Wall Panels Electric Floor Panels Electric Floor Panels |
| 81 | Fig. 26 IP Fig. 26 IP Fig. 26 Electric Heating Cable in Concrete Slab Fig. 26 Electric Heating Cable in Concrete Slab Air-Heated or Air-Cooled Panels Air-Heated or Air-Cooled Panels Fig. 27 Both Fig. 27 Both Fig. 27 Warm Air Floor Panel Construction Fig. 27 Warm Air Floor Panel Construction Fig. 28 Both Fig. 28 Both Fig. 28 Typical Hybrid Panel Construction Fig. 28 Typical Hybrid Panel Construction Controls Controls |
| 82 | Sensible Cooling Panel Controls Sensible Cooling Panel Controls Heating Slab Controls Heating Slab Controls Hybrid (Load-Sharing) HVAC Systems Hybrid (Load-Sharing) HVAC Systems Fig. 29 Both Fig. 29 Both Fig. 29 Typical Residential Hybrid HVAC System Fig. 29 Typical Residential Hybrid HVAC System |
| 83 | References References Bibliography Bibliography |
| 84 | I-P_S08_Ch07 I-P_S08_Ch07 Fig. 1 Cogeneration Cycles Fig. 1 Cogeneration Cycles Fig. 1 CHP Cycles Fig. 1 CHP Cycles |
| 85 | Table 1 Applications and Markets for DG/CHP Systems Table 1 Applications and Markets for DG/CHP Systems Terminology Terminology |
| 86 | CHP System Concepts CHP System Concepts Custom-Engineered Systems Custom-Engineered Systems Packaged and Modular Systems Packaged and Modular Systems |
| 87 | Load Profiling and Prime Mover Selection Load Profiling and Prime Mover Selection Peak Shaving Peak Shaving Continuous-Duty Standby Continuous-Duty Standby Fig. 2 Dual-Service Applications Fig. 2 Dual-Service Applications Fig. 2 Dual-Service Applications Fig. 2 Dual-Service Applications Power Plant Incremental Heat Rate Power Plant Incremental Heat Rate |
| 88 | Performance Parameters Performance Parameters Heating Value Heating Value CHP Electric Effectiveness CHP Electric Effectiveness Power and Heating Systems Power and Heating Systems |
| 89 | Table 2 Values of a for Conventional Thermal Generation Technologies Table 2 Values of a for Conventional Thermal Generation Technologies Fig. 3 Conventional Boiler for Example 1 Fig. 3 Conventional Boiler for Example 1 Fig. 3 Conventional Boiler for Example 1 Fig. 3 Conventional Boiler for Example 1 Fig. 4 Power-Only Generator for Example 1 Fig. 4 Power-Only Generator for Example 1 Fig. 4 Power-Only Generator for Example 1 Fig. 4 Power-Only Generator for Example 1 Fig. 5 Performance Parameters for Combined System for Example 2 Fig. 5 Performance Parameters for Combined System for Example 2 Fig. 5 Performance Parameters for Combined System for Example 2 Fig. 5 Performance Parameters for Combined System for Example 2 Fig. 6 CHP Power and Heating Energy Boundary Diagram for Example 2 Fig. 6 CHP Power and Heating Energy Boundary Diagram for Example 2 Fig. 6 CHP Power and Heating Energy Boundary Diagram for Example 2 Fig. 6 CHP Power and Heating Energy Boundary Diagram for Example 2 |
| 90 | Fig. 7 Performance Parameters for Example 3 Fig. 7 Performance Parameters for Example 3 Fig. 7 Performance Parameters for Example 3 Fig. 7 Performance Parameters for Example 3 Fig. 8 CHP Power and Direct Heating Energy Boundary Diagram for Example 3 Fig. 8 CHP Power and Direct Heating Energy Boundary Diagram for Example 3 Fig. 8 CHP Power and Direct Heating Energy Boundary Diagram for Example 3 Fig. 8 CHP Power and Direct Heating Energy Boundary Diagram for Example 3 Fig. 9 Performance Parameters for Example 4 Fig. 9 Performance Parameters for Example 4 Fig. 9 Performance Parameters for Example 4 Fig. 9 Performance Parameters for Example 4 Fig. 10 CHP Power and HRSG Heating Without Duct Burner Energy Boundary Diagram for Example 4 Fig. 10 CHP Power and HRSG Heating Without Duct Burner Energy Boundary Diagram for Example 4 Fig. 10 CHP Power and HRSG Heating Without Duct Burner Energy Boundary Diagram for Example 4 Fig. 10 CHP Power and HRSG Heating Without Duct Burner Energy Boundary Diagram for Example 4 Fig. 11 Cofiring Performance Parameters for Example 4 Fig. 11 Cofiring Performance Parameters for Example 4 Fig. 11 Cofiring Performance Parameters for Example 4 Fig. 11 Cofiring Performance Parameters for Example 4 |
| 91 | Fig. 12 CHP Power and HRSG Heating with Duct Burner Energy Boundary Diagram for Example 5 Fig. 12 CHP Power and HRSG Heating with Duct Burner Energy Boundary Diagram for Example 5 Fig. 12 CHP Power and HRSG Heating with Duct Burner Energy Boundary Diagram for Example 5 Fig. 12 CHP Power and HRSG Heating with Duct Burner Energy Boundary Diagram for Example 5 Table 3 Summary of Results from Examples 1 to 5 Table 3 Summary of Results from Examples 1 to 5 Table 4 Summary of Results Assuming 33% Efficient Combustion Turbine Table 4 Summary of Results Assuming 33% Efficient Combustion Turbine Table 5 Typical y Values Table 5 Typical y Values Fig. 13 Electric Effectiveness Versus Overall Efficiency Fig. 13 Electric Effectiveness Versus Overall Efficiency Fig. 13 Electric Effectiveness hE Versus Overall Efficiency hO Fig. 13 Electric Effectiveness hE Versus Overall Efficiency hO Fuel Energy Savings Fuel Energy Savings |
| 92 | Table 6 Summary of Fuel Energy Savings for 25% Power Generator in Examples 1 to 5 Table 6 Summary of Fuel Energy Savings for 25% Power Generator in Examples 1 to 5 Table 7 Summary of Fuel Energy Savings for 33% Power Generator in Examples 1 to 5 Table 7 Summary of Fuel Energy Savings for 33% Power Generator in Examples 1 to 5 Fuel-to-Power Components Fuel-to-Power Components Reciprocating Engines Reciprocating Engines Types Types Table 8 Reciprocating Engine Types by Speed (Available Ratings) Table 8 Reciprocating Engine Types by Speed (Available Ratings) |
| 93 | Performance Characteristics Performance Characteristics Fig. 14 Efficiency (HHV) of Spark Ignition Engines Fig. 14 Efficiency (HHV) of Spark Ignition Engines Fig. 14 Efficiency (HHV) of Spark Ignition Engines Fig. 14 Efficiency (HHV) of Spark Ignition Engines Fig. 15 Heat Rate (HHV) of Spark Ignition Engines Fig. 15 Heat Rate (HHV) of Spark Ignition Engines Fig. 15 Heat Rate (HHV) of Spark Ignition Engines Fig. 15 Heat Rate (HHV) of Spark Ignition Engines Fuels and Fuel Systems Fuels and Fuel Systems |
| 94 | Fig. 16 Thermal-to-Electric Ratio of Spark Ignition Engines (Jacket and Exhaust Energy) Fig. 16 Thermal-to-Electric Ratio of Spark Ignition Engines (Jacket and Exhaust Energy) Fig. 16 Thermal-to-Electric Ratio of Spark Ignition Engines (Jacket and Exhaust Energy) Fig. 16 Thermal-to-Electric Ratio of Spark Ignition Engines (Jacket and Exhaust Energy) Fig. 17 Part-Load Heat Rate (HHV) of 1430, 425, and 85 kW Gas Engines Fig. 17 Part-Load Heat Rate (HHV) of 1430, 425, and 85 kW Gas Engines Fig. 17 Part-Load Heat Rate (HHV) of 1430, 425, and 85 kW Gas Engines Fig. 17 Part-Load Heat Rate (HHV) of 1430, 425, and 85 kW Gas Engines Fig. 18 Part-Load Thermal-to-Electric Ratio of 1430, 425, and 85 kW Gas Engines Fig. 18 Part-Load Thermal-to-Electric Ratio of 1430, 425, and 85 kW Gas Engines Fig. 18 Part-Load Thermal-to-Electric Ratio of 1430, 425, and 85 kW Gas Engines Fig. 18 Part-Load Thermal-to-Electric Ratio of 1430, 425, and 85 kW Gas Engines |
| 95 | Table 9 Line Regulator Pressures Table 9 Line Regulator Pressures Combustion Air Combustion Air Lubricating Systems Lubricating Systems |
| 96 | Table 10 Ventilation Air for Engine Equipment Rooms Table 10 Ventilation Air for Engine Equipment Rooms Starting Systems Starting Systems Cooling Systems Cooling Systems |
| 97 | Exhaust Systems Exhaust Systems |
| 98 | Table 11 Exhaust Pipe Diameter* Table 11 Exhaust Pipe Diameter* Emissions Emissions Instruments and Controls Instruments and Controls Noise and Vibration Noise and Vibration |
| 99 | Fig. 19 Typical Reciprocating Engine Exhaust Noise Curves Fig. 19 Typical Reciprocating Engine Exhaust Noise Curves Fig. 19 Typical Reciprocating Engine Exhaust Noise Curves Fig. 19 Typical Reciprocating Engine Exhaust Noise Curves Fig. 20 Typical Attenuation Curves for Engine Silencers Fig. 20 Typical Attenuation Curves for Engine Silencers Fig. 20 Typical Attenuation Curves for Engine Silencers Fig. 20 Typical Attenuation Curves for Engine Silencers Installation Ventilation Requirements Installation Ventilation Requirements |
| 100 | Table 12 Ventilation Air for Engine Equipment Rooms Table 12 Ventilation Air for Engine Equipment Rooms Operation and Maintenance Operation and Maintenance Table 13 Recommended Engine Maintenance Table 13 Recommended Engine Maintenance |
| 101 | Combustion Turbines Combustion Turbines Types Types Advantages Advantages Disadvantages Disadvantages Gas Turbine Cycle Gas Turbine Cycle Fig. 21 Temperature-Entropy Diagram for Brayton Cycle Fig. 21 Temperature-Entropy Diagram for Brayton Cycle Fig. 21 Temperature-Entropy Diagram for Brayton Cycle Fig. 21 Temperature-Entropy Diagram for Brayton Cycle Components Components |
| 102 | Fig. 22 Simple-Cycle Single-Shaft Turbine Fig. 22 Simple-Cycle Single-Shaft Turbine Fig. 22 Simple-Cycle Single-Shaft Turbine Fig. 22 Simple-Cycle Single-Shaft Turbine Fig. 23 Split-Shaft Turbines Fig. 23 Split-Shaft Turbines Fig. 23 Simple-Cycle Dual-Shaft Turbines Fig. 23 Simple-Cycle Dual-Shaft Turbines Performance Characteristics Performance Characteristics Fig. 24 Turbine Engine Performance Characteristics Fig. 24 Turbine Engine Performance Characteristics Fig. 24 Turbine Engine Performance Characteristics Fig. 24 Turbine Engine Performance Characteristics |
| 103 | Fig. 25 Gas Turbine Refrigeration System Using Exhaust Heat Fig. 25 Gas Turbine Refrigeration System Using Exhaust Heat Fig. 25 Gas Turbine Refrigeration System Using Exhaust Heat Fig. 25 Gas Turbine Refrigeration System Using Exhaust Heat Fig. 26 CHP System Boundary Fig. 26 CHP System Boundary Fig. 26 CHP System Boundary Fig. 26 CHP System Boundary Fuels and Fuel Systems Fuels and Fuel Systems Combustion Air Combustion Air Fig. 27 Relative Turbine Power Output and Heat Rate Versus Inlet Air Temperature Fig. 27 Relative Turbine Power Output and Heat Rate Versus Inlet Air Temperature Fig. 27 Relative Turbine Power Output and Heat Rate Versus Inlet Air Temperature Fig. 27 Relative Turbine Power Output and Heat Rate Versus Inlet Air Temperature |
| 105 | Lubricating Systems Lubricating Systems Starting Systems Starting Systems Exhaust Systems Exhaust Systems Emissions Emissions Instruments and Controls Instruments and Controls Noise and Vibration Noise and Vibration Operation and Maintenance Operation and Maintenance Fuel Cells Fuel Cells Types Types |
| 106 | Table 14 Overview of Fuel Cell Characteristics Table 14 Overview of Fuel Cell Characteristics Fig. 28 PAFC Cell Fig. 28 PAFC Cell Fig. 28 PAFC Cell Fig. 28 PAFC Cell Fig. 29 SOFC Cell Fig. 29 SOFC Cell Fig. 29 SOFC Cell Fig. 29 SOFC Cell |
| 107 | Fig. 30 MCFC Cell Fig. 30 MCFC Cell Fig. 30 MCFC Cell Fig. 30 MCFC Cell Fig. 31 PEMFC Cell Fig. 31 PEMFC Cell Fig. 31 PEMFC Cell Fig. 31 PEMFC Cell Fig. 32 AFC Cell Fig. 32 AFC Cell Fig. 32 AFC Cell Fig. 32 AFC Cell |
| 108 | Thermal-To-Power Components Thermal-To-Power Components Steam Turbines Steam Turbines Types Types Fig. 33 Basic Types of Axial Flow Turbines Fig. 33 Basic Types of Axial Flow Turbines Fig. 33 Basic Types of Axial Flow Turbines Fig. 33 Basic Types of Axial Flow Turbines |
| 109 | Performance Characteristics Performance Characteristics Fig. 34 Isentropic Versus Actual Turbine Process Fig. 34 Isentropic Versus Actual Turbine Process Fig. 34 Isentropic Versus Actual Turbine Process Fig. 34 Isentropic Versus Actual Turbine Process |
| 110 | Fig. 35 Efficiency of Typical Multistage Turbines Fig. 35 Efficiency of Typical Multistage Turbines Fig. 35 Efficiency of Typical Multistage Turbines Fig. 35 Efficiency of Typical Multistage Turbines Fig. 36 Effect of Inlet Pressure and Superheat on Condensing Turbine Fig. 36 Effect of Inlet Pressure and Superheat on Condensing Turbine Fig. 36 Effect of Inlet Pressure and Superheat on Condensing Turbine Fig. 36 Effect of Inlet Pressure and Superheat on Condensing Turbine Fig. 37 Effect of Exhaust Pressure on Noncondensing Turbine Fig. 37 Effect of Exhaust Pressure on Noncondensing Turbine Fig. 37 Effect of Exhaust Pressure on Noncondensing Turbine Fig. 37 Effect of Exhaust Pressure on Noncondensing Turbine Fig. 38 Single-Stage Noncondensing Turbine Efficiency Fig. 38 Single-Stage Noncondensing Turbine Efficiency Fig. 38 Single-Stage Noncondensing Turbine Efficiency Fig. 38 Single-Stage Noncondensing Turbine Efficiency |
| 111 | Table 15 Theoretical Steam Rates for Steam Turbines at Common Conditions, lb/kWh Table 15 Theoretical Steam Rates for Steam Turbines at Common Conditions, lb/kWh Fig. 39 Effect of Extraction Rate on Condensing Turbine Fig. 39 Effect of Extraction Rate on Condensing Turbine Fig. 39 Effect of Extraction Rate on Condensing Turbine Fig. 39 Effect of Extraction Rate on Condensing Turbine Fuel Systems Fuel Systems Lubricating Oil Systems Lubricating Oil Systems |
| 112 | Power Systems Power Systems Exhaust Systems Exhaust Systems Instruments and Controls Instruments and Controls Fig. 40 Oil Relay Governor Fig. 40 Oil Relay Governor Fig. 40 Oil Relay Governor Fig. 40 Oil Relay Governor |
| 113 | Fig. 41 Part-Load Turbine Performance Showing Effect of Auxiliary Valves Fig. 41 Part-Load Turbine Performance Showing Effect of Auxiliary Valves Fig. 41 Part-Load Turbine Performance Showing Effect of Auxiliary Valves Fig. 41 Part-Load Turbine Performance Showing Effect of Auxiliary Valves Fig. 42 Multivalve Oil Relay Governor Fig. 42 Multivalve Oil Relay Governor Fig. 42 Multivalve Oil Relay Governor Fig. 42 Multivalve Oil Relay Governor Table 16 NEMA Classification of Speed Governors Table 16 NEMA Classification of Speed Governors |
| 114 | Operation and Maintenance Operation and Maintenance Organic Rankine Cycles Organic Rankine Cycles Expansion Engines/Turbines Expansion Engines/Turbines |
| 115 | Stirling Engines Stirling Engines Types Types Fig. 43 Cut-Away Core of a Kinematic Stirling Engine Fig. 43 Cut-Away Core of a Kinematic Stirling Engine Fig. 43 Cutaway Core of a Kinematic Stirling Engine Fig. 43 Cutaway Core of a Kinematic Stirling Engine Fig. 44 Cut-Away Core of a Free-Piston Stirling Engine Fig. 44 Cut-Away Core of a Free-Piston Stirling Engine Fig. 44 Cutaway Core of a Free-Piston Stirling Engine Fig. 44 Cutaway Core of a Free-Piston Stirling Engine Performance Characteristics Performance Characteristics Fuel Systems Fuel Systems Power Systems Power Systems |
| 116 | Exhaust Systems Exhaust Systems Coolant Systems Coolant Systems Operation and Maintenance Operation and Maintenance Thermal-to-Thermal Components Thermal-to-Thermal Components Thermal Output Characteristics Thermal Output Characteristics Reciprocating Engines Reciprocating Engines Fig. 45 Heat Balance for Naturally Aspirated Engine Fig. 45 Heat Balance for Naturally Aspirated Engine Fig. 45 Heat Balance for Naturally Aspirated Engine Fig. 45 Heat Balance for Naturally Aspirated Engine |
| 117 | Fig. 46 Heat Balance for Turbocharged Engine Fig. 46 Heat Balance for Turbocharged Engine Fig. 46 Heat Balance for Turbocharged Engine Fig. 46 Heat Balance for Turbocharged Engine Combustion Turbines Combustion Turbines Heat Recovery Heat Recovery Reciprocating Engines Reciprocating Engines Fig. 47 Hot Water Heat Recovery Fig. 47 Hot Water Heat Recovery Fig. 47 Hot-Water Heat Recovery Fig. 47 Hot-Water Heat Recovery |
| 118 | Fig. 48 Hot Water Engine Cooling with Steam Heat Recovery (Forced Recirculation) Fig. 48 Hot Water Engine Cooling with Steam Heat Recovery (Forced Recirculation) Fig. 48 Hot-Water Engine Cooling with Steam Heat Recovery (Forced Recirculation) Fig. 48 Hot-Water Engine Cooling with Steam Heat Recovery (Forced Recirculation) Fig. 49 Engine Cooling with Gravity Circulation and Steam Heat Recovery Fig. 49 Engine Cooling with Gravity Circulation and Steam Heat Recovery Fig. 49 Engine Cooling with Gravity Circulation and Steam Heat Recovery Fig. 49 Engine Cooling with Gravity Circulation and Steam Heat Recovery Fig. 50 Lubricant and Aftercooler System Fig. 50 Lubricant and Aftercooler System Fig. 50 Lubricant and Aftercooler System Fig. 50 Lubricant and Aftercooler System Fig. 51 Exhaust Heat Recovery with Steam Separator Fig. 51 Exhaust Heat Recovery with Steam Separator Fig. 51 Exhaust Heat Recovery with Steam Separator Fig. 51 Exhaust Heat Recovery with Steam Separator |
| 119 | Fig. 52 Effect of Soot on Energy Recovery from Flue Gas Recovery Unit on Diesel Engine Fig. 52 Effect of Soot on Energy Recovery from Flue Gas Recovery Unit on Diesel Engine Fig. 52 Effect of Soot on Energy Recovery from Flue Gas Recovery Unit on Diesel Engine Fig. 52 Effect of Soot on Energy Recovery from Flue Gas Recovery Unit on Diesel Engine Fig. 53 Automatic Boiler System with Overriding Exhaust Temperature Control Fig. 53 Automatic Boiler System with Overriding Exhaust Temperature Control Fig. 53 Automatic Boiler System with Overriding Exhaust Temperature Control Fig. 53 Automatic Boiler System with Overriding Exhaust Temperature Control Fig. 54 Combined Exhaust and Jacket Water Heat Recovery System Fig. 54 Combined Exhaust and Jacket Water Heat Recovery System Fig. 54 Combined Exhaust and Jacket Water Heat Recovery System Fig. 54 Combined Exhaust and Jacket Water Heat Recovery System |
| 120 | Fig. 55 Effect of Lowering Exhaust Temperature below 300ËšF Fig. 55 Effect of Lowering Exhaust Temperature below 300ËšF Fig. 55 Effect of Lowering Exhaust Temperature below 300ËšF Fig. 55 Effect of Lowering Exhaust Temperature below 300ËšF Table 17 Temperatures Normally Required for Various Heating Applications Table 17 Temperatures Normally Required for Various Heating Applications Table 18 Full-Load Exhaust Mass Flows and Temperatures for Various Engines Table 18 Full-Load Exhaust Mass Flows and Temperatures for Various Engines Combustion Turbines Combustion Turbines Steam Turbines Steam Turbines |
| 121 | Fig. 56 Back Pressure Turbine Fig. 56 Back Pressure Turbine Fig. 56 Back-Pressure Turbine Fig. 56 Back-Pressure Turbine Fig. 57 Integration of Back Pressure Turbine with Facility Fig. 57 Integration of Back Pressure Turbine with Facility Fig. 57 Integration of Back-Pressure Turbine with Facility Fig. 57 Integration of Back-Pressure Turbine with Facility Fig. 58 Condensing Automatic Extraction Turbine Fig. 58 Condensing Automatic Extraction Turbine Fig. 58 Condensing Automatic Extraction Turbine Fig. 58 Condensing Automatic Extraction Turbine |
| 122 | Fig. 59 Automatic Extraction Turbine Cogeneration System Fig. 59 Automatic Extraction Turbine Cogeneration System Fig. 59 Automatic Extraction Turbine CHP System Fig. 59 Automatic Extraction Turbine CHP System Fig. 60 Performance Map of Automatic Extraction Turbine Fig. 60 Performance Map of Automatic Extraction Turbine Fig. 60 Performance Map of Automatic Extraction Turbine Fig. 60 Performance Map of Automatic Extraction Turbine Thermally Activated Technologies Thermally Activated Technologies Heat-Activated Chillers Heat-Activated Chillers Fig. 61 Hybrid Heat Recovery Absorption Chiller-Heater Fig. 61 Hybrid Heat Recovery Absorption Chiller-Heater Fig. 61 Hybrid Heat Recovery Absorption Chiller-Heater Fig. 61 Hybrid Heat Recovery Absorption Chiller-Heater |
| 123 | Desiccant Dehumidification Desiccant Dehumidification Hot Water and Steam Heat Recovery Hot Water and Steam Heat Recovery Thermal Energy Storage Technologies Thermal Energy Storage Technologies Electrical Generators and Components Electrical Generators and Components Generators Generators |
| 124 | Fig. 62 Typical Generator Efficiency Fig. 62 Typical Generator Efficiency Fig. 62 Typical Generator Efficiency Fig. 62 Typical Generator Efficiency |
| 125 | Table 19 Generator Control Functions Table 19 Generator Control Functions System Design System Design CHP Electricity-Generating Systems CHP Electricity-Generating Systems Thermal Loads Thermal Loads Prime Mover Selection Prime Mover Selection Fig. 63 Typical Heat Recovery Cycle for Gas Turbine Fig. 63 Typical Heat Recovery Cycle for Gas Turbine Fig. 63 Typical Heat Recovery Cycle for Gas Turbine Fig. 63 Typical Heat Recovery Cycle for Gas Turbine |
| 126 | Air Systems Air Systems Hydronic Systems Hydronic Systems Service Water Heating Service Water Heating District Heating and Cooling District Heating and Cooling |
| 127 | Utility Interfacing Utility Interfacing Power Quality Power Quality Output Energy Streams Output Energy Streams |
| 128 | CHP Shaft-Driven HVAC and Refrigeration Systems CHP Shaft-Driven HVAC and Refrigeration Systems Engine-Driven Systems Engine-Driven Systems Table 20 Coefficient of Performance (COP) of Engine-Driven Chillers Table 20 Coefficient of Performance (COP) of Engine-Driven Chillers |
| 129 | Fig. 64 Performance Curve for Typical, Gas Engine-Driven, Reciprocating Chiller Fig. 64 Performance Curve for Typical, Gas Engine-Driven, Reciprocating Chiller Fig. 64 Performance Curve for Typical 100 Ton, Gas-Engine-Driven, Reciprocating Chiller Fig. 64 Performance Curve for Typical 100 Ton, Gas-Engine-Driven, Reciprocating Chiller Table 21 Typical Efficiency of Engine-Driven Refrigeration Equipment (Ammonia Screw Compressor) Table 21 Typical Efficiency of Engine-Driven Refrigeration Equipment (Ammonia Screw Compressor) Combustion-Turbine-Driven Systems Combustion-Turbine-Driven Systems Fig. 65 Typical Gas Turbine Refrigeration Cycle Fig. 65 Typical Gas Turbine Refrigeration Cycle Fig. 65 Typical Gas Turbine Refrigeration Cycle Fig. 65 Typical Gas Turbine Refrigeration Cycle |
| 130 | Steam-Turbine-Driven Systems Steam-Turbine-Driven Systems Fig. 66 Condensing Turbine-Driven Centrifugal Compressor Fig. 66 Condensing Turbine-Driven Centrifugal Compressor Fig. 66 Condensing Turbine-Driven Centrifugal Compressor Fig. 66 Condensing Turbine-Driven Centrifugal Compressor Fig. 67 Combination Centrifugal-Absorption System Fig. 67 Combination Centrifugal-Absorption System Fig. 67 Combination Centrifugal-Absorption System Fig. 67 Combination Centrifugal-Absorption System |
| 131 | Codes and Installation Codes and Installation General Installation Parameters General Installation Parameters Utility Interconnection Utility Interconnection Air Permits Air Permits |
| 132 | Building, Zoning, and Fire Codes Building, Zoning, and Fire Codes Zoning Zoning Building Code/Structural Design Building Code/Structural Design Mechanical/Plumbing Code Mechanical/Plumbing Code Fire Code Fire Code Electrical Connection Electrical Connection Economic Feasibility Economic Feasibility Economic Assessment Economic Assessment |
| 133 | Preliminary Feasibility Bin Analysis Examples Preliminary Feasibility Bin Analysis Examples First Estimates First Estimates Load Duration Curve Analysis Load Duration Curve Analysis |
| 134 | Fig. 68 Hypothetical Steam Load Profile Fig. 68 Hypothetical Steam Load Profile Fig. 68 Hypothetical Steam Load Profile Fig. 68 Hypothetical Steam Load Profile Fig. 69 Load Duration Curve Fig. 69 Load Duration Curve Fig. 69 Load Duration Curve Fig. 69 Load Duration Curve |
| 135 | Fig. 70 Load Duration Curve with Multiple Generators Fig. 70 Load Duration Curve with Multiple Generators Fig. 70 Load Duration Curve with Multiple Generators Fig. 70 Load Duration Curve with Multiple Generators Fig. 71 Hypothetical Peaking Generator Fig. 71 Hypothetical Peaking Generator Fig. 71 Hypothetical Peaking Generator Fig. 71 Hypothetical Peaking Generator Two-Dimensional Load Duration Curve Two-Dimensional Load Duration Curve |
| 136 | Fig. 72 Example of Two-Dimensional Load Duration Curve Fig. 72 Example of Two-Dimensional Load Duration Curve Fig. 72 Example of Two-Dimensional Load Duration Curve Fig. 72 Example of Two-Dimensional Load Duration Curve Analysis by Simulations Analysis by Simulations References References |
| 137 | Bibliography Bibliography |
| 138 | I-P_S08_Ch08 I-P_S08_Ch08 Terminology Terminology Applied Heat Pump Systems Applied Heat Pump Systems Heat Pump Cycles Heat Pump Cycles |
| 139 | Fig. 1 Closed Vapor Compression Cycle Fig. 1 Closed Vapor Compression Cycle Fig. 1 Closed Vapor Compression Cycle Fig. 1 Closed Vapor Compression Cycle Fig. 2 Mechanical Vapor Recompression Cycle with Heat Exchanger Fig. 2 Mechanical Vapor Recompression Cycle with Heat Exchanger Fig. 2 Mechanical Vapor Recompression Cycle with Heat Exchanger Fig. 2 Mechanical Vapor Recompression Cycle with Heat Exchanger Fig. 3 Open Vapor Recompression Cycle Fig. 3 Open Vapor Recompression Cycle Fig. 3 Open Vapor Recompression Cycle Fig. 3 Open Vapor Recompression Cycle Fig. 4 Heat-Driven Rankine Cycle Fig. 4 Heat-Driven Rankine Cycle Fig. 4 Heat-Driven Rankine Cycle Fig. 4 Heat-Driven Rankine Cycle Heat Sources and Sinks Heat Sources and Sinks Air Air |
| 140 | Table 1 Heat Pump Sources and Sinks Table 1 Heat Pump Sources and Sinks |
| 141 | Water Water Ground Ground Solar Energy Solar Energy Types of Heat Pumps Types of Heat Pumps |
| 142 | Fig. 5 Heat Pump Types Fig. 5 Heat Pump Types |
| 143 | Heat Pump Components Heat Pump Components Compressors Compressors |
| 144 | Fig. 6 Comparison of Parallel and Staged Operation for Air-Source Heat Pumps Fig. 6 Comparison of Parallel and Staged Operation for Air-Source Heat Pumps Fig. 6 Comparison of Parallel and Staged Operation for Air-Source Heat Pumps Fig. 6 Comparison of Parallel and Staged Operation for Air-Source Heat Pumps Fig. 7 Suction Line Separator for Protection Against Liquid Floodback Fig. 7 Suction Line Separator for Protection Against Liquid Floodback Fig. 7 Suction Line Separator for Protection Against Liquid Floodback Fig. 7 Suction Line Separator for Protection Against Liquid Floodback Heat Transfer Components Heat Transfer Components Fig. 8 Liquid Subcooling Coil in Ventilation Air Supply to Increase Heating Effect and Heating COP Fig. 8 Liquid Subcooling Coil in Ventilation Air Supply to Increase Heating Effect and Heating COP Fig. 8 Liquid Subcooling Coil in Ventilation Air Supply to Increase Heating Effect and Heating COP Fig. 8 Liquid Subcooling Coil in Ventilation Air Supply to Increase Heating Effect and Heating COP Fig. 9 Typical Increase in Heating Capacity Resulting from Use of Liquid Subcooling Coil Fig. 9 Typical Increase in Heating Capacity Resulting from Use of Liquid Subcooling Coil Fig. 9 Typical Increase in Heating Capacity Resulting from Using Liquid Subcooling Coil Fig. 9 Typical Increase in Heating Capacity Resulting from Using Liquid Subcooling Coil Refrigeration Components Refrigeration Components |
| 145 | Controls Controls Supplemental Heating Supplemental Heating Industrial Process Heat Pumps Industrial Process Heat Pumps |
| 146 | Closed-Cycle Systems Closed-Cycle Systems Fig. 10 Dehumidification Heat Pump Fig. 10 Dehumidification Heat Pump Fig. 10 Dehumidification Heat Pump Fig. 10 Dehumidification Heat Pump Fig. 11 Cooling Tower Heat Recovery Heat Pump Fig. 11 Cooling Tower Heat Recovery Heat Pump Fig. 11 Cooling Tower Heat Recovery Heat Pump Fig. 11 Cooling Tower Heat Recovery Heat Pump |
| 147 | Fig. 12 Effluent Heat Recovery Heat Pump Fig. 12 Effluent Heat Recovery Heat Pump Fig. 12 Effluent Heat Recovery Heat Pump Fig. 12 Effluent Heat Recovery Heat Pump Fig. 13 Refrigeration Heat Recovery Heat Pump Fig. 13 Refrigeration Heat Recovery Heat Pump Fig. 13 Refrigeration Heat Recovery Heat Pump Fig. 13 Refrigeration Heat Recovery Heat Pump |
| 148 | Fig. 14 Closed-Cycle Vapor Compression System Fig. 14 Closed-Cycle Vapor Compression System Fig. 14 Closed-Cycle Vapor Compression System Fig. 14 Closed-Cycle Vapor Compression System Fig. 15 Recompression of Boiler-Generated Process Steam Fig. 15 Recompression of Boiler-Generated Process Steam Fig. 15 Recompression of Boiler-Generated Process Steam Fig. 15 Recompression of Boiler-Generated Process Steam Open-Cycle and Semi-Open-Cycle Heat Pump Systems Open-Cycle and Semi-Open-Cycle Heat Pump Systems Fig. 16 Single-Effect Heat Pump Evaporator Fig. 16 Single-Effect Heat Pump Evaporator Fig. 16 Single-Effect Heat Pump Evaporator Fig. 16 Single-Effect Heat Pump Evaporator |
| 149 | Fig. 17 Multiple-Effect Heat Pump Evaporator Fig. 17 Multiple-Effect Heat Pump Evaporator Fig. 17 Multiple-Effect Heat Pump Evaporator Fig. 17 Multiple-Effect Heat Pump Evaporator Fig. 18 Distillation Heat Pump System Fig. 18 Distillation Heat Pump System Fig. 18 Distillation Heat Pump System Fig. 18 Distillation Heat Pump System Heat Recovery Design Principles Heat Recovery Design Principles |
| 150 | Fig. 19 Heat Recovery Heat Pump System in a Rendering Plant Fig. 19 Heat Recovery Heat Pump System in a Rendering Plant Fig. 19 Heat Recovery Heat Pump System in a Rendering Plant Fig. 19 Heat Recovery Heat Pump System in a Rendering Plant Fig. 20 Semi-Open Cycle Heat Pump in a Textile Plant Fig. 20 Semi-Open Cycle Heat Pump in a Textile Plant Fig. 20 Semi-Open-Cycle Heat Pump in a Textile Plant Fig. 20 Semi-Open-Cycle Heat Pump in a Textile Plant Applied Heat Recovery Systems Applied Heat Recovery Systems Waste Heat Recovery Waste Heat Recovery Fig. 21 Heat Recovery Heat Pump Fig. 21 Heat Recovery Heat Pump Fig. 21 Heat Recovery Heat Pump Fig. 21 Heat Recovery Heat Pump |
| 151 | Fig. 22 Heat Recovery Chiller with Double-Bundle Condenser Fig. 22 Heat Recovery Chiller with Double-Bundle Condenser Fig. 22 Heat Recovery Chiller with Double-Bundle Condenser Fig. 22 Heat Recovery Chiller with Double-Bundle Condenser Fig. 23 Heat Recovery Chiller with Storage Tank Fig. 23 Heat Recovery Chiller with Storage Tank Fig. 23 Heat Recovery Chiller with Storage Tank Fig. 23 Heat Recovery Chiller with Storage Tank Fig. 24 Multistage (Cascade) Heat Transfer System Fig. 24 Multistage (Cascade) Heat Transfer System Fig. 24 Multistage (Cascade) Heat Transfer System Fig. 24 Multistage (Cascade) Heat Transfer System Water Loop Heat Pump Systems Water Loop Heat Pump Systems Description Description |
| 152 | Fig. 25 Heat Loss and Heat Gain for Exterior Zones During Occupied Periods Fig. 25 Heat Loss and Heat Gain for Exterior Zones During Occupied Periods Fig. 25 Heat Loss and Heat Gain for Exterior Zones During Occupied Periods Fig. 25 Heat Loss and Heat Gain for Exterior Zones During Occupied Periods Fig. 26 Heat Loss and Heat Gain for Interior Zones During Occupied Periods Fig. 26 Heat Loss and Heat Gain for Interior Zones During Occupied Periods Fig. 26 Heat Loss and Heat Gain for Interior Zones During Occupied Periods Fig. 26 Heat Loss and Heat Gain for Interior Zones During Occupied Periods Fig. 27 Internal Heat Available for Recovery During Occupied Periods Fig. 27 Internal Heat Available for Recovery During Occupied Periods Fig. 27 Internal Heat Available for Recovery During Occupied Periods Fig. 27 Internal Heat Available for Recovery During Occupied Periods Fig. 28 Heat Recovery System Using Water-to-Air Heat Pumps in a Closed Loop Fig. 28 Heat Recovery System Using Water-to-Air Heat Pumps in a Closed Loop Fig. 28 Heat Recovery System Using Water-to-Air Heat Pumps in a Closed Loop Fig. 28 Heat Recovery System Using Water-to-Air Heat Pumps in a Closed Loop |
| 153 | Fig. 29 Closed-Loop Heat Pump System with Thermal Storage and Optional Solar-Assist Collectors Fig. 29 Closed-Loop Heat Pump System with Thermal Storage and Optional Solar-Assist Collectors Fig. 29 Closed-Loop Heat Pump System with Thermal Storage and Optional Solar-Assist Collectors Fig. 29 Closed-Loop Heat Pump System with Thermal Storage and Optional Solar-Assist Collectors Fig. 30 Secondary Heat Recovery from WLHP System Fig. 30 Secondary Heat Recovery from WLHP System Fig. 30 Secondary Heat Recovery from WLHP System Fig. 30 Secondary Heat Recovery from WLHP System Design Considerations Design Considerations |
| 155 | Fig. 31 Cooling Tower with Heat Exchanger Fig. 31 Cooling Tower with Heat Exchanger Fig. 31 Cooling Tower with Heat Exchanger Fig. 31 Cooling Tower with Heat Exchanger Controls Controls Advantages of a WLHP System Advantages of a WLHP System Limitations of a WLHP System Limitations of a WLHP System Balanced Heat Recovery Systems Balanced Heat Recovery Systems Definition Definition |
| 156 | Heat Redistribution Heat Redistribution Heat Balance Concept Heat Balance Concept Heat Balance Studies Heat Balance Studies Fig. 32 Major Load Components Fig. 32 Major Load Components Fig. 32 Major Load Components Fig. 32 Major Load Components |
| 157 | Fig. 33 Composite Plot of Loads in Figure 32 (Adjust for Internal Motor Heat) Fig. 33 Composite Plot of Loads in Figure 32 (Adjust for Internal Motor Heat) Fig. 33 Composite Plot of Loads in Figure 32 (Adjust for Internal Motor Heat) Fig. 33 Composite Plot of Loads in Figure 32 (Adjust for Internal Motor Heat) Fig. 34 Non-Heat-Recovery System Fig. 34 Non-Heat-Recovery System Fig. 34 Non-Heat-Recovery System Fig. 34 Non-Heat-Recovery System General Applications General Applications |
| 158 | Multiple Buildings Multiple Buildings References References Bibliography Bibliography |
| 159 | I-P_S08_Ch09 I-P_S08_Ch09 Components Components Heating and Cooling Units Heating and Cooling Units Accessory Equipment Accessory Equipment |
| 160 | Fig. 1 Both Fig. 1 Both Fig. 1 Heating and Cooling Components Fig. 1 Heating and Cooling Components Ducts Ducts |
| 161 | Duct Sealing Duct Sealing Supply and Return Registers and Grilles Supply and Return Registers and Grilles Controls Controls Design Design |
| 162 | Estimating Heating and Cooling Loads Estimating Heating and Cooling Loads Locating Outlets, Returns, Ducts, and Equipment Locating Outlets, Returns, Ducts, and Equipment Fig. 2 Both Fig. 2 Both Fig. 2 Preferred Return Locations for Various Supply Outlet Positions Fig. 2 Preferred Return Locations for Various Supply Outlet Positions |
| 163 | Table 1 General Characteristics of Supply Outlets Table 1 General Characteristics of Supply Outlets Fig. 3 Both Fig. 3 Both Fig. 3 Best Compromise Return Locations for Year-Round Heating and Cooling Fig. 3 Best Compromise Return Locations for Year-Round Heating and Cooling Determining Heating and Cooling Loads Determining Heating and Cooling Loads Selecting Equipment Selecting Equipment Determining Airflow Requirements Determining Airflow Requirements |
| 164 | Detailing the Duct Configuration Detailing the Duct Configuration Fig. 4 Both Fig. 4 Both Fig. 4 Sample Floor Plans for Locating Ductwork in Second Floor of (A) Two-Story House and (B) Townhouse Fig. 4 Sample Floor Plans for Locating Ductwork in Second Floor of (A) Two-Story House and (B) Townhouse |
| 165 | Fig. 5 Both Fig. 5 Both Fig. 5 Sample Floor Plans for One-Story House with (A) Dropped Ceilings, (B) Ducts in Conditioned Spaces, and (C) Right-Sized Air Distribution in Conditioned Spaces Fig. 5 Sample Floor Plans for One-Story House with (A) Dropped Ceilings, (B) Ducts in Conditioned Spaces, and (C) Right-Sized Air Distribution in Conditioned Spaces Detailing the Distribution Design Detailing the Distribution Design |
| 166 | Fig. 6 Both Fig. 6 Both Fig. 6 (A) Ducts in Unconditioned Spaces and (B) Standard Air Distribution System in Unconditioned Spaces Fig. 6 (A) Ducts in Unconditioned Spaces and (B) Standard Air Distribution System in Unconditioned Spaces Table 2 Recommended Division of Duct Pressure Loss Table 2 Recommended Division of Duct Pressure Loss Duct Design Recommendations Duct Design Recommendations |
| 167 | Zone Control for Small Systems Zone Control for Small Systems Duct Sizing for Zone Damper Systems Duct Sizing for Zone Damper Systems Box Plenum Systems Using Flexible Duct Box Plenum Systems Using Flexible Duct Embedded Loop Ducts Embedded Loop Ducts |
| 168 | Fig. 7 Both Fig. 7 Both Fig. 7 Entrance Fittings to Eliminate Unstable Airflow in Box Plenum Fig. 7 Entrance Fittings to Eliminate Unstable Airflow in Box Plenum Fig. 8 IP Fig. 8 IP Fig. 8 Dimensions for Efficient Box Plenum Fig. 8 Dimensions for Efficient Box Plenum Selecting Supply and Return Grilles and Registers Selecting Supply and Return Grilles and Registers Commercial Systems Commercial Systems Air Distribution in Small Commercial Buildings Air Distribution in Small Commercial Buildings |
| 169 | Controlling Airflow in New Buildings Controlling Airflow in New Buildings Testing for Duct Efficiency Testing for Duct Efficiency Data Inputs Data Inputs Data Output Data Output System Performance System Performance |
| 170 | “HOUSE” Dynamic Simulation Model “HOUSE” Dynamic Simulation Model System Performance Factors System Performance Factors Equipment-Component Efficiency Factors Equipment-Component Efficiency Factors Equipment-System Performance Factors Equipment-System Performance Factors Equipment-Load Interaction Factors Equipment-Load Interaction Factors Energy Cost Factors Energy Cost Factors Implications Implications |
| 171 | Table 3 Definitions of System Performance Factors Table 3 Definitions of System Performance Factors |
| 172 | System Performance Examples System Performance Examples Table 4 System Performance Examples Table 4 System Performance Examples Table 5 Base Case Assumptions for Simulation Predictions Table 5 Base Case Assumptions for Simulation Predictions |
| 173 | Table 6 Effect of Furnace Type on Annual Heating Performance Table 6 Effect of Furnace Type on Annual Heating Performance Table 7 Effect of Climate and Night Setback on Annual Heating Performance Table 7 Effect of Climate and Night Setback on Annual Heating Performance Effect of Furnace Type Effect of Furnace Type Effect of Climate and Night Setback Effect of Climate and Night Setback Effect of Furnace Sizing Effect of Furnace Sizing |
| 174 | Table 8 Effect of Sizing, Setback, and Design Parameters on Annual Heating Performance-Conventional, Natural-Draft Furnace Table 8 Effect of Sizing, Setback, and Design Parameters on Annual Heating Performance-Conventional, Natural-Draft Furnace Table 9 Effect of Furnace Sizing on Annual Heating Performance-Condensing Furnace with Preheat Table 9 Effect of Furnace Sizing on Annual Heating Performance-Condensing Furnace with Preheat Effects of Furnace Sizing and Night Setback Effects of Furnace Sizing and Night Setback Table 10 Effect of Duct Treatment on System Performance Table 10 Effect of Duct Treatment on System Performance Table 11 Effect of Duct Treatment and Basement Configuration on System Performance Table 11 Effect of Duct Treatment and Basement Configuration on System Performance |
| 175 | References References Bibliography Bibliography |
| 178 | I-P_S08_Ch10 I-P_S08_Ch10 Advantages Advantages Fundamentals Fundamentals |
| 179 | Table 1 Properties of Saturated Steam Table 1 Properties of Saturated Steam Effects of Water , Air , and Gases Effects of Water , Air , and Gases Heat Transfer Heat Transfer Basic Steam System Design Basic Steam System Design Steam Source Steam Source |
| 180 | Boilers Boilers Heat Recovery and Waste Heat Boilers Heat Recovery and Waste Heat Boilers Fig. 1 Exhaust Heat Boiler Fig. 1 Exhaust Heat Boiler Fig. 1 Exhaust Heat Boiler Fig. 1 Exhaust Heat Boiler Heat Exchangers Heat Exchangers Boiler Connections Boiler Connections Supply Piping Supply Piping Return Piping Return Piping |
| 181 | Fig. 2 Typical Boiler Connections Fig. 2 Typical Boiler Connections Fig. 2 Typical Boiler Connections Fig. 2 Typical Boiler Connections Fig. 3 Boiler with Gravity Return Fig. 3 Boiler with Gravity Return Fig. 3 Boiler with Gravity Return Fig. 3 Boiler with Gravity Return Design Steam Pressure Design Steam Pressure |
| 182 | Piping Piping Supply Piping Design Considerations Supply Piping Design Considerations Fig. 4 Method of Dripping Steam Mains Fig. 4 Method of Dripping Steam Mains Fig. 4 Method of Dripping Steam Mains Fig. 4 Method of Dripping Steam Mains Fig. 5 Trap Discharging to Overhead Return Fig. 5 Trap Discharging to Overhead Return Fig. 5 Trap Discharging to Overhead Return Fig. 5 Trap Discharging to Overhead Return |
| 183 | Fig. 6 Trapping Strainers Fig. 6 Trapping Strainers Fig. 6 Trapping Strainers Fig. 6 Trapping Strainers Terminal Equipment Piping Design Considerations Terminal Equipment Piping Design Considerations Fig. 7 Trapping Multiple Coils Fig. 7 Trapping Multiple Coils Fig. 7 Trapping Multiple Coils Fig. 7 Trapping Multiple Coils Return Piping Design Considerations Return Piping Design Considerations Fig. 8 Recommended Steam Trap Piping Fig. 8 Recommended Steam Trap Piping Fig. 8 Recommended Steam Trap Piping Fig. 8 Recommended Steam Trap Piping Condensate Removal from Temperature-Regulated Equipment Condensate Removal from Temperature-Regulated Equipment |
| 184 | Fig. 9 Trapping Temperature-Regulated Coils Fig. 9 Trapping Temperature-Regulated Coils Fig. 9 Trapping Temperature-Regulated Coils Fig. 9 Trapping Temperature-Regulated Coils Steam Traps Steam Traps Thermostatic Traps Thermostatic Traps |
| 185 | Fig. 10 Thermostatic Traps Fig. 10 Thermostatic Traps Fig. 10 Thermostatic Traps Fig. 10 Thermostatic Traps Mechanical Traps Mechanical Traps |
| 186 | Kinetic Traps Kinetic Traps Pressure-Reducing Valves Pressure-Reducing Valves Installation Installation Fig. 11 Pressure-Reducing Valve Connections- Low Pressure Fig. 11 Pressure-Reducing Valve Connections- Low Pressure Fig. 11 Pressure-Reducing Valve Connections- Low Pressure Fig. 11 Pressure-Reducing Valve Connections- Low Pressure |
| 187 | Fig. 12 Pressure-Reducing Valve Connections- High Pressure Fig. 12 Pressure-Reducing Valve Connections- High Pressure Fig. 12 Pressure-Reducing Valve Connections- High Pressure Fig. 12 Pressure-Reducing Valve Connections- High Pressure Fig. 13 Steam Supply Fig. 13 Steam Supply Fig. 13 Steam Supply Fig. 13 Steam Supply Fig. 14 Two-Stage Pressure-Regulating Valve Fig. 14 Two-Stage Pressure-Regulating Valve Fig. 14 Two-Stage Pressure-Regulating Valve Fig. 14 Two-Stage Pressure-Regulating Valve Valve Size Selection Valve Size Selection |
| 188 | Terminal Equipment Terminal Equipment Selection Selection Natural Convection Units Natural Convection Units Forced-Convection Units Forced-Convection Units Convection Steam Heating Convection Steam Heating One-Pipe Steam Heating Systems One-Pipe Steam Heating Systems |
| 189 | Fig. 15 One-Pipe System Fig. 15 One-Pipe System Fig. 15 One-Pipe System Fig. 15 One-Pipe System Two-Pipe Steam Heating Systems Two-Pipe Steam Heating Systems Fig. 16 Two-Pipe System Fig. 16 Two-Pipe System Fig. 16 Two-Pipe System Fig. 16 Two-Pipe System Steam Distribution Steam Distribution |
| 190 | Fig. 17 Inlet Orifice Fig. 17 Inlet Orifice Fig. 17 Inlet Orifice Fig. 17 Inlet Orifice Fig. 18 Orifice Capacities for Different Pressure Differentials Fig. 18 Orifice Capacities for Different Pressure Differentials Fig. 18 Orifice Capacities for Different Pressure Differentials Fig. 18 Orifice Capacities for Different Pressure Differentials Temperature Control Temperature Control |
| 191 | Table 2 Pressure Differential Temperature Control Table 2 Pressure Differential Temperature Control Heat Recovery Heat Recovery Fig. 19 Flash Steam Fig. 19 Flash Steam Fig. 19 Flash Steam Fig. 19 Flash Steam Fig. 20 Flash Tank Diameters Fig. 20 Flash Tank Diameters Fig. 20 Flash Tank Diameters Fig. 20 Flash Tank Diameters Flash Steam Flash Steam |
| 192 | Fig. 21 Vertical Flash Tank Fig. 21 Vertical Flash Tank Fig. 21 Vertical Flash Tank Fig. 21 Vertical Flash Tank Direct Heat Recovery Direct Heat Recovery Combined Steam and Water Systems Combined Steam and Water Systems Commissioning Commissioning References References |
| 193 | I-P_S08_Ch11 I-P_S08_Ch11 Applicability Applicability Components Components Fig. 1 Major Components of District Heating System Fig. 1 Major Components of District Heating System Fig. 1 Major Components of District Heating System Fig. 1 Major Components of District Heating System Benefits Benefits Environmental Benefits Environmental Benefits |
| 194 | Consumer Economic Benefits Consumer Economic Benefits Producer Economics Producer Economics Initial Capital Investment Initial Capital Investment |
| 195 | Central Plant Central Plant Heating and Cooling Production Heating and Cooling Production Heating Medium Heating Medium Heat Production Heat Production |
| 196 | Cooling Supply Cooling Supply Thermal Storage Thermal Storage Auxiliaries Auxiliaries |
| 197 | Fig. 2 Layout for Hot Water/Chilled Water Plant Fig. 2 Layout for Hot Water/Chilled Water Plant Fig. 2 Layout for Hot-Water/Chilled-Water Plant Fig. 2 Layout for Hot-Water/Chilled-Water Plant Distribution Design Considerations Distribution Design Considerations Constant Flow Constant Flow Fig. 3 Constant Flow Primary Distribution with Secondary Pumping Fig. 3 Constant Flow Primary Distribution with Secondary Pumping Fig. 3 Constant-Flow Primary Distribution with Secondary Pumping Fig. 3 Constant-Flow Primary Distribution with Secondary Pumping Variable Flow Variable Flow |
| 198 | Fig. 4 Variable Flow Primary/Secondary Systems Fig. 4 Variable Flow Primary/Secondary Systems Fig. 4 Variable-Flow Primary/Secondary Systems Fig. 4 Variable-Flow Primary/Secondary Systems Design Guidelines Design Guidelines Distribution System Distribution System Hydraulic Considerations Hydraulic Considerations Objectives of Hydraulic Design Objectives of Hydraulic Design |
| 199 | Water Hammer Water Hammer Pressure Losses Pressure Losses Pipe Sizing Pipe Sizing Network Calculations Network Calculations Condensate Drainage and Return Condensate Drainage and Return |
| 200 | Thermal Considerations Thermal Considerations Thermal Design Conditions Thermal Design Conditions Thermal Properties of Pipe Insulation and Soil Thermal Properties of Pipe Insulation and Soil Table 1 Comparison of Commonly Used Insulations in Underground Piping Systems Table 1 Comparison of Commonly Used Insulations in Underground Piping Systems |
| 201 | Table 2 Effect of Moisture on Underground Piping System Insulations Table 2 Effect of Moisture on Underground Piping System Insulations Table 3 Soil Thermal Conductivities Table 3 Soil Thermal Conductivities Methods of Heat Transfer Analysis Methods of Heat Transfer Analysis |
| 202 | Calculation of Undisturbed Soil Temperatures Calculation of Undisturbed Soil Temperatures |
| 203 | Convective Heat Transfer at Ground Surface Convective Heat Transfer at Ground Surface Single Uninsulated Buried Pipe Single Uninsulated Buried Pipe Fig. 5 Single Uninsulated Buried Pipe Fig. 5 Single Uninsulated Buried Pipe Fig. 5 Single Uninsulated Buried Pipe Fig. 5 Single Uninsulated Buried Pipe Single Buried Insulated Pipe Single Buried Insulated Pipe |
| 204 | Fig. 6 Single Buried Insulated Pipe Fig. 6 Single Buried Insulated Pipe Fig. 6 Single Insulated Buried Pipe Fig. 6 Single Insulated Buried Pipe Single Buried Pipe in Conduit with Air Space Single Buried Pipe in Conduit with Air Space Single Buried Pipe with Composite Insulation Single Buried Pipe with Composite Insulation |
| 205 | Two Pipes Buried in Common Conduit with Air Space Two Pipes Buried in Common Conduit with Air Space Fig. 7 Two Pipes Buried in Common Conduit with Air Space Fig. 7 Two Pipes Buried in Common Conduit with Air Space Fig. 7 Two Pipes Buried in Common Conduit with Air Space Fig. 7 Two Pipes Buried in Common Conduit with Air Space |
| 206 | Two Buried Pipes or Conduits Two Buried Pipes or Conduits Fig. 8 Two Buried Pipes or Conduits Fig. 8 Two Buried Pipes or Conduits Fig. 8 Two Buried Pipes or Conduits Fig. 8 Two Buried Pipes or Conduits |
| 207 | Pipes in Buried Trenches or Tunnels Pipes in Buried Trenches or Tunnels Fig. 9 Pipes in Buried Trenches or Tunnels Fig. 9 Pipes in Buried Trenches or Tunnels Fig. 9 Pipes in Buried Trenches or Tunnels Fig. 9 Pipes in Buried Trenches or Tunnels |
| 208 | Pipes in Shallow Trenches Pipes in Shallow Trenches Buried Pipes with Other Geometries Buried Pipes with Other Geometries |
| 209 | Pipes in Air Pipes in Air Economical Thickness for Pipe Insulation Economical Thickness for Pipe Insulation |
| 210 | Expansion Provisions Expansion Provisions Pipe Supports, Guides, and Anchors Pipe Supports, Guides, and Anchors Distribution System Construction Distribution System Construction |
| 211 | Piping Materials and Standards Piping Materials and Standards Aboveground Systems Aboveground Systems |
| 212 | Underground Systems Underground Systems Fig. 10 Walk-Through Tunnel Fig. 10 Walk-Through Tunnel Fig. 10 Walk-Through Tunnel Fig. 10 Walk-Through Tunnel |
| 213 | Fig. 11 Concrete Surface Trench Fig. 11 Concrete Surface Trench Fig. 11 Concrete Surface Trench Fig. 11 Concrete Surface Trench Fig. 12 Deep-Bury Small Tunnel Fig. 12 Deep-Bury Small Tunnel Fig. 12 Deep-Bury Small Tunnel Fig. 12 Deep-Bury Small Tunnel Fig. 13 Poured Insulation System Fig. 13 Poured Insulation System Fig. 13 Poured Insulation System Fig. 13 Poured Insulation System |
| 214 | Fig. 14 Field Installed Direct-Buried Cellular Glass Insulated System Fig. 14 Field Installed Direct-Buried Cellular Glass Insulated System Fig. 14 Field-Installed, Direct-Buried Cellular Glass Insulated System Fig. 14 Field-Installed, Direct-Buried Cellular Glass Insulated System Conduits Conduits Fig. 15 Conduit System Components Fig. 15 Conduit System Components Fig. 15 Conduit System Components Fig. 15 Conduit System Components |
| 215 | Fig. 16 Corrosion Rate in Aggressive Environment Similar to Mild Steel Casings in Soil Fig. 16 Corrosion Rate in Aggressive Environment Similar to Mild Steel Casings in Soil Fig. 16 Corrosion Rate in Aggressive Environment Similar to Mild Steel Casings in Soil Fig. 16 Corrosion Rate in Aggressive Environment Similar to Mild Steel Casings in Soil Fig. 17 Conduit System with Annular Air Space and Single Carrier Pipe Fig. 17 Conduit System with Annular Air Space and Single Carrier Pipe Fig. 17 Conduit System with Annular Air Space and Single Carrier Pipe Fig. 17 Conduit System with Annular Air Space and Single Carrier Pipe Fig. 18 Conduit System with Two Carrier Pipes and Annular Air Space Fig. 18 Conduit System with Two Carrier Pipes and Annular Air Space Fig. 18 Conduit System with Two Carrier Pipes and Annular Air Space Fig. 18 Conduit System with Two Carrier Pipes and Annular Air Space Fig. 19 Conduit System with Single Carrier Pipe and No Air Space Fig. 19 Conduit System with Single Carrier Pipe and No Air Space Fig. 19 Conduit System with Single Carrier Pipe and No Air Space (WSL) Fig. 19 Conduit System with Single Carrier Pipe and No Air Space (WSL) |
| 216 | Fig. 20 Conduit Casing Temperature Versus Soil Thermal Conductivity Fig. 20 Conduit Casing Temperature Versus Soil Thermal Conductivity Fig. 20 Conduit Casing Temperature Versus Soil Thermal Conductivity Fig. 20 Conduit Casing Temperature Versus Soil Thermal Conductivity Cathodic Protection of Direct-Buried Conduits Cathodic Protection of Direct-Buried Conduits |
| 217 | Leak Detection Leak Detection Valve Vaults and Entry Pits Valve Vaults and Entry Pits |
| 219 | Consumer Interconnections Consumer Interconnections Direct Connection Direct Connection Fig. 21 Direct Connection of Building System to District Hot Water Fig. 21 Direct Connection of Building System to District Hot Water Fig. 21 Direct Connection of Building System to District Hot Water Fig. 21 Direct Connection of Building System to District Hot Water |
| 220 | Indirect Connection Indirect Connection Components Components Heat Exchangers Heat Exchangers Fig. 22 Basic Heating System Schematic Fig. 22 Basic Heating System Schematic Fig. 22 Basic Heating-System Schematic Fig. 22 Basic Heating-System Schematic |
| 221 | Flow Control Devices Flow Control Devices Instrumentation Instrumentation Controller Controller |
| 222 | Pressure Control Devices Pressure Control Devices Fig. 23 District/Building Interconnection with Heat Recovery Steam System Fig. 23 District/Building Interconnection with Heat Recovery Steam System Fig. 23 District/Building Interconnection with Heat Recovery Steam System Fig. 23 District/Building Interconnection with Heat Recovery Steam System Heating Connections Heating Connections Steam Connections Steam Connections Fig. 24 District/Building Interconnection with Heat Exchange Steam System Fig. 24 District/Building Interconnection with Heat Exchange Steam System Fig. 24 District/Building Interconnection with Heat Exchange Steam System Fig. 24 District/Building Interconnection with Heat Exchange Steam System |
| 223 | Fig. 25 District/Building Indirect Interconnection Hot Water System Fig. 25 District/Building Indirect Interconnection Hot Water System Fig. 25 District/Building Indirect Interconnection Hot-Water System Fig. 25 District/Building Indirect Interconnection Hot-Water System Fig. 26 District/Building Direct Interconnection Hot Water System Fig. 26 District/Building Direct Interconnection Hot Water System Fig. 26 District/Building Direct Interconnection Hot-Water System Fig. 26 District/Building Direct Interconnection Hot-Water System Hot-Water Connections Hot-Water Connections Fig. 27 Building Indirect Connection for Both Heating and Domestic Hot Water Fig. 27 Building Indirect Connection for Both Heating and Domestic Hot Water Fig. 27 Building Indirect Connection for Both Heating and Domestic Hot Water Fig. 27 Building Indirect Connection for Both Heating and Domestic Hot Water |
| 224 | Building Conversion to District Heating Building Conversion to District Heating Table 4 Conversion Suitability of Heating System by Type Table 4 Conversion Suitability of Heating System by Type Chilled-Water Connections Chilled-Water Connections Fig. 28 Typical Chilled Water Piping and Metering Diagram Fig. 28 Typical Chilled Water Piping and Metering Diagram Fig. 28 Typical Chilled-Water Piping and Metering Diagram Fig. 28 Typical Chilled-Water Piping and Metering Diagram |
| 225 | Temperature Differential Control Temperature Differential Control Metering Metering |
| 226 | Table 5 Flowmeter Characteristics Table 5 Flowmeter Characteristics Operation and Maintenance Operation and Maintenance References References |
| 227 | Bibliography Bibliography |
| 228 | I-P_S08_Ch12 I-P_S08_Ch12 Principles Principles Temperature Classifications Temperature Classifications |
| 229 | Closed Water Systems Closed Water Systems Fig. 1 Hydronic System-Fundamental Components Fig. 1 Hydronic System-Fundamental Components Fig. 1 Fundamental Components of Hydronic System Fig. 1 Fundamental Components of Hydronic System Method of Design Method of Design Thermal Components Thermal Components Loads Loads |
| 230 | Terminal Heating and Cooling Units Terminal Heating and Cooling Units |
| 231 | Source Source Expansion Chamber Expansion Chamber |
| 232 | Fig. 2 Henry’s Constant Versus Temperature for Air and Water Fig. 2 Henry’s Constant Versus Temperature for Air and Water Fig. 2 Henry’s Constant Versus Temperature for Air and Water Fig. 2 Henry’s Constant Versus Temperature for Air and Water Fig. 3 Solubility Versus Temperature and Pressure for Air/Water Solutions Fig. 3 Solubility Versus Temperature and Pressure for Air/Water Solutions Fig. 3 Solubility Versus Temperature and Pressure for Air/Water Solutions Fig. 3 Solubility Versus Temperature and Pressure for Air/Water Solutions |
| 233 | Hydraulic Components Hydraulic Components Pump or Pumping System Pump or Pumping System Fig. 4 Pump Curve and System Curve Fig. 4 Pump Curve and System Curve Fig. 4 Example of Manufacturer’s Published Pump Curve Fig. 4 Example of Manufacturer’s Published Pump Curve Fig. 5 Shift of System Curve due to Circuit Unbalance Fig. 5 Shift of System Curve due to Circuit Unbalance Fig. 5 Pump Curve and System Curve Fig. 5 Pump Curve and System Curve Fig. 6 Operating Conditions for Parallel Pump Installation Fig. 6 Operating Conditions for Parallel Pump Installation Fig. 6 Shift of System Curve Caused by Circuit Unbalance Fig. 6 Shift of System Curve Caused by Circuit Unbalance |
| 234 | Fig. 7 General Pump Operating Condition Effects Fig. 7 General Pump Operating Condition Effects Fig. 7 General Pump Operating Condition Effects Fig. 7 General Pump Operating Condition Effects Fig. 8 Operating Conditions for Series Pump Installation Fig. 8 Operating Conditions for Series Pump Installation Fig. 8 Operating Conditions for Parallel-Pump Installation Fig. 8 Operating Conditions for Parallel-Pump Installation Fig. 9 Operating Conditions for Series Pump Installation Fig. 9 Operating Conditions for Series Pump Installation Fig. 9 Operating Conditions for Series-Pump Installation Fig. 9 Operating Conditions for Series-Pump Installation |
| 235 | Fig. 10 Compound Pumping (Primary-Secondary Pumping) Fig. 10 Compound Pumping (Primary-Secondary Pumping) Fig. 10 Compound Pumping (Primary-Secondary Pumping) Fig. 10 Compound Pumping (Primary-Secondary Pumping) Variable-Speed Pumping Application Variable-Speed Pumping Application |
| 236 | Fig. 11 Example of Variable-Speed Pump System Schematic Fig. 11 Example of Variable-Speed Pump System Schematic Fig. 11 Example of Variable-Speed Pump System Schematic Fig. 11 Example of Variable-Speed Pump System Schematic Fig. 12 Example of Variable-Speed Pump and System Curves Fig. 12 Example of Variable-Speed Pump and System Curves Fig. 12 Example of Variable-Speed Pump and System Curves Fig. 12 Example of Variable-Speed Pump and System Curves Fig. 13 System Curve with System Static Pressure (Control Area) Fig. 13 System Curve with System Static Pressure (Control Area) Fig. 13 System Curve with System Static Pressure (Control Area) Fig. 13 System Curve with System Static Pressure (Control Area) |
| 237 | Pump Connection Pump Connection Distribution System Distribution System |
| 238 | Fig. 14 Typical System Curves for Closed System Fig. 14 Typical System Curves for Closed System Fig. 14 Typical System Curves for Closed System Fig. 14 Typical System Curves for Closed System Expansion Chamber Expansion Chamber Fig. 15 Tank Pressure Related to “System” Pressure Fig. 15 Tank Pressure Related to “System” Pressure Fig. 15 Tank Pressure Related to System Pressure Fig. 15 Tank Pressure Related to System Pressure Fig. 16 Effect of Expansion Tank Location with Respect to Pump Pressure Fig. 16 Effect of Expansion Tank Location with Respect to Pump Pressure Fig. 16 Effect of Expansion Tank Location with Respect to Pump Pressure Fig. 16 Effect of Expansion Tank Location with Respect to Pump Pressure Piping Circuits Piping Circuits |
| 239 | Fig. 17 Flow Diagram of Simple Series Circuit Fig. 17 Flow Diagram of Simple Series Circuit Fig. 17 Flow Diagram of Simple Series Circuit Fig. 17 Flow Diagram of Simple Series Circuit Fig. 18 Series Loop System Fig. 18 Series Loop System Fig. 18 Series Loop System Fig. 18 Series Loop System Fig. 19 One-Pipe Diverting Tee System Fig. 19 One-Pipe Diverting Tee System Fig. 19 One-Pipe Diverting Tee System Fig. 19 One-Pipe Diverting Tee System Fig. 20 Series Circuit with Load Pumps Fig. 20 Series Circuit with Load Pumps Fig. 20 Series Circuit with Load Pumps Fig. 20 Series Circuit with Load Pumps |
| 240 | Fig. 21 Direct- and Reverse-Return Two-Pipe Systems Fig. 21 Direct- and Reverse-Return Two-Pipe Systems Fig. 21 Direct- and Reverse-Return Two-Pipe Systems Fig. 21 Direct- and Reverse-Return Two-Pipe Systems Capacity Control of Load System Capacity Control of Load System Fig. 22 Load Control Valves Fig. 22 Load Control Valves Fig. 22 Load Control Valves Fig. 22 Load Control Valves |
| 241 | Fig. 23 System Flow with Two-Way and Three-Way Valves Fig. 23 System Flow with Two-Way and Three-Way Valves Fig. 23 System Flow with Two-Way and Three-Way Valves Fig. 23 System Flow with Two-Way and Three-Way Valves Sizing Control Valves Sizing Control Valves Fig. 24 Chilled-Water Coil Heat Transfer Characteristic Fig. 24 Chilled-Water Coil Heat Transfer Characteristic Fig. 24 Chilled-Water Coil Heat Transfer Characteristic Fig. 24 Chilled-Water Coil Heat Transfer Characteristic Fig. 25 Equal-Percentage Valve Characteristic with Authority Fig. 25 Equal-Percentage Valve Characteristic with Authority Fig. 25 Equal-Percentage Valve Characteristic with Authority Fig. 25 Equal-Percentage Valve Characteristic with Authority |
| 242 | Fig. 26 Control Valve and Coil Response, Inherent and 50% Authority Fig. 26 Control Valve and Coil Response, Inherent and 50% Authority Fig. 26 Control Valve and Coil Response, Inherent and 50% Authority Fig. 26 Control Valve and Coil Response, Inherent and 50% Authority Fig. 27 Control Valve and Coil Response, 33% Authority Fig. 27 Control Valve and Coil Response, 33% Authority Fig. 27 Control Valve and Coil Response, 33% Authority Fig. 27 Control Valve and Coil Response, 33% Authority Fig. 28 Coil Valve and Coil Response, 10% Authority Fig. 28 Coil Valve and Coil Response, 10% Authority Fig. 28 Coil Valve and Coil Response, 10% Authority Fig. 28 Coil Valve and Coil Response, 10% Authority |
| 243 | Fig. 29 Load Pumps with Valve Control Fig. 29 Load Pumps with Valve Control Fig. 29 Load Pumps with Valve Control Fig. 29 Load Pumps with Valve Control Alternatives to Control Valves Alternatives to Control Valves Fig. 30 Schematic of Variable-Speed Pump Coil Control Fig. 30 Schematic of Variable-Speed Pump Coil Control Fig. 30 Schematic of Variable-Speed Pump Coil Control Fig. 30 Schematic of Variable-Speed Pump Coil Control Low-Temperature Heating Systems Low-Temperature Heating Systems Nonresidential Heating Systems Nonresidential Heating Systems |
| 244 | Fig. 31 Example of Series-Connected Loading Fig. 31 Example of Series-Connected Loading Fig. 31 Example of Series-Connected Loading Fig. 31 Example of Series-Connected Loading Fig. 32 Heat Emission Versus Flow Characteristic of Typical Hot Water Heating Coil Fig. 32 Heat Emission Versus Flow Characteristic of Typical Hot Water Heating Coil Fig. 32 Heat Emission Versus Flow Characteristic of Typical Hot Water Heating Coil Fig. 32 Heat Emission Versus Flow Characteristic of Typical Hot Water Heating Coil Chilled-Water Systems Chilled-Water Systems Table 1 Chilled-Water Coil Performance Table 1 Chilled-Water Coil Performance |
| 245 | Fig. 33 Generic Chilled-Water Coil Heat Transfer Characteristic Fig. 33 Generic Chilled-Water Coil Heat Transfer Characteristic Fig. 33 Generic Chilled-Water Coil Heat Transfer Characteristic Fig. 33 Generic Chilled-Water Coil Heat Transfer Characteristic Fig. 34 Recommendations for Coil Flow Tolerance to Maintain 97.5% Design Heat Transfer Fig. 34 Recommendations for Coil Flow Tolerance to Maintain 97.5% Design Heat Transfer Fig. 34 Recommendations for Coil Flow Tolerance to Maintain 97% Design Heat Transfer Fig. 34 Recommendations for Coil Flow Tolerance to Maintain 97% Design Heat Transfer |
| 246 | Fig. 35 Constant Flow Chilled Water System Fig. 35 Constant Flow Chilled Water System Fig. 35 Constant-Flow Chilled-Water System Fig. 35 Constant-Flow Chilled-Water System Fig. 36 Variable Flow Chilled Water System Fig. 36 Variable Flow Chilled Water System Fig. 36 Variable-Flow Chilled-Water System Fig. 36 Variable-Flow Chilled-Water System Dual-Temperature Systems Dual-Temperature Systems Two-Pipe Systems Two-Pipe Systems Fig. 37 Simplified Diagram of Two-Pipe System Fig. 37 Simplified Diagram of Two-Pipe System Fig. 37 Simplified Diagram of Two-Pipe System Fig. 37 Simplified Diagram of Two-Pipe System |
| 247 | Four-Pipe Common Load Systems Four-Pipe Common Load Systems Fig. 38 Four-Pipe Common Load System Fig. 38 Four-Pipe Common Load System Fig. 38 Four-Pipe Common Load System Fig. 38 Four-Pipe Common Load System Four-Pipe Independent Load Systems Four-Pipe Independent Load Systems Fig. 39 Four-Pipe Independent Load System Fig. 39 Four-Pipe Independent Load System Fig. 39 Four-Pipe Independent Load System Fig. 39 Four-Pipe Independent Load System Other Design Considerations Other Design Considerations Makeup and Fill Water Systems Makeup and Fill Water Systems Safety Relief Valves Safety Relief Valves Fig. 40 Typical Makeup Water and Expansion Tank Piping Configuration for Plain Steel Expansion Tank Fig. 40 Typical Makeup Water and Expansion Tank Piping Configuration for Plain Steel Expansion Tank Fig. 40 Typical Makeup Water and Expansion Tank Piping Configuration for Plain Steel Expansion Tank Fig. 40 Typical Makeup Water and Expansion Tank Piping Configuration for Plain Steel Expansion Tank |
| 248 | Fig. 41 Pressure Increase Resulting from Thermal Expansion as Function of Temperature Increase Fig. 41 Pressure Increase Resulting from Thermal Expansion as Function of Temperature Increase Fig. 41 Pressure Increase Resulting from Thermal Expansion as Function of Temperature Increase Fig. 41 Pressure Increase Resulting from Thermal Expansion as Function of Temperature Increase Air Elimination Air Elimination Drain and Shutoff Drain and Shutoff Balance Fittings Balance Fittings |
| 249 | Pitch Pitch Strainers Strainers Thermometers Thermometers Flexible Connectors and Pipe Expansion Compensation Flexible Connectors and Pipe Expansion Compensation Gage Cocks Gage Cocks Insulation Insulation Condensate Drains Condensate Drains Common Pipe Common Pipe Other Design Procedures Other Design Procedures Preliminary Equipment Layout Preliminary Equipment Layout Fig. 12 Combined Coil/Fill Evaporative Condenser Fig. 12 Combined Coil/Fill Evaporative Condenser |
| 250 | Final Pipe Sizing and Pressure Drop Determination Final Pipe Sizing and Pressure Drop Determination Freeze Prevention Freeze Prevention Antifreeze Solutions Antifreeze Solutions Effect on Heat Transfer and Flow Effect on Heat Transfer and Flow Effect on Heat Source or Chiller Effect on Heat Source or Chiller |
| 251 | Fig. 42 Example of Effect of Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions on Heat Exchanger Output Fig. 42 Example of Effect of Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions on Heat Exchanger Output Fig. 42 Example of Effect of Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions on Heat Exchanger Output Fig. 42 Example of Effect of Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions on Heat Exchanger Output Effect on Terminal Units Effect on Terminal Units Effect on Pump Performance Effect on Pump Performance Fig. 43 Effect of Viscosity on Pump Characteristics Fig. 43 Effect of Viscosity on Pump Characteristics Fig. 43 Effect of Viscosity on Pump Characteristics Fig. 43 Effect of Viscosity on Pump Characteristics Fig. 44 Pressure Drop Correction for Glycol Solutions Fig. 44 Pressure Drop Correction for Glycol Solutions Fig. 44 Pressure Drop Correction for Glycol Solutions Fig. 44 Pressure Drop Correction for Glycol Solutions Effect on Piping Pressure Loss Effect on Piping Pressure Loss Installation and Maintenance Installation and Maintenance |
| 252 | References References Bibliography Bibliography |
| 253 | I-P_S08_Ch13 I-P_S08_Ch13 Once-Through City Water Systems Once-Through City Water Systems Fig. 1 Condenser Connections for Once-Through City Water System Fig. 1 Condenser Connections for Once-Through City Water System Fig. 1 Condenser Connections for Once-Through City Water System Fig. 1 Condenser Connections for Once-Through City Water System Open Cooling Tower Systems Open Cooling Tower Systems |
| 254 | Fig. 2 Cooling Tower Piping System Fig. 2 Cooling Tower Piping System Fig. 2 Cooling Tower Piping System Fig. 2 Cooling Tower Piping System Air and Vapor Precautions Air and Vapor Precautions Piping Practice Piping Practice Fig. 3 Schematic Piping Layout Showing Static and Suction Head Fig. 3 Schematic Piping Layout Showing Static and Suction Head Fig. 3 Schematic Piping Layout Showing Static and Suction Head Fig. 3 Schematic Piping Layout Showing Static and Suction Head Water Treatment Water Treatment |
| 255 | Freeze Protection Freeze Protection Fig. 4 Cooling Tower Piping to Avoid Freeze-Up Fig. 4 Cooling Tower Piping to Avoid Freeze-Up Fig. 4 Cooling Tower Piping to Avoid Freeze-Up Fig. 4 Cooling Tower Piping to Avoid Freeze-Up Low-Temperature (Water Economizer) Systems Low-Temperature (Water Economizer) Systems Fig. 5 Closed-Circuit Cooler System Fig. 5 Closed-Circuit Cooler System Fig. 5 Closed-Circuit Cooler System Fig. 5 Closed-Circuit Cooler System Closed-Circuit Evaporative Coolers Closed-Circuit Evaporative Coolers Overpressure caused by Thermal Fluid Expansion Overpressure caused by Thermal Fluid Expansion |
| 256 | I-P_S08_Ch14 I-P_S08_Ch14 Fig. 1 Relation of Saturation Pressure and Enthalpy to Water Temperature Fig. 1 Relation of Saturation Pressure and Enthalpy to Water Temperature Fig. 1 Relation of Saturation Pressure and Enthalpy to Water Temperature Fig. 1 Relation of Saturation Pressure and Enthalpy to Water Temperature System Characteristics System Characteristics |
| 257 | Basic System Basic System Fig. 2 Elements of High-Temperature Water System Fig. 2 Elements of High-Temperature Water System Fig. 2 Elements of High-Temperature Water System Fig. 2 Elements of High-Temperature Water System Design Considerations Design Considerations Direct-Fired High-Temperature Water Generators Direct-Fired High-Temperature Water Generators |
| 258 | Table 1 Properties of Water, 212 to 400ËšF Table 1 Properties of Water, 212 to 400ËšF Fig. 3 Density and Specific Heat of Water Fig. 3 Density and Specific Heat of Water Fig. 3 Density and Specific Heat of Water Fig. 3 Density and Specific Heat of Water Fig. 4 Arrangement of Boiler Piping Fig. 4 Arrangement of Boiler Piping Fig. 4 Arrangement of Boiler Piping Fig. 4 Arrangement of Boiler Piping |
| 259 | Fig. 5 Piping Connections for Two or More Boilers in HTW System Pressurized by Steam Fig. 5 Piping Connections for Two or More Boilers in HTW System Pressurized by Steam Fig. 5 Piping Connections for Two or More Boilers in HTW System Pressurized by Steam Fig. 5 Piping Connections for Two or More Boilers in HTW System Pressurized by Steam Expansion and Pressurization Expansion and Pressurization Fig. 6 HTW Piping for Combined (One-Pump) System (Steam Pressurized) Fig. 6 HTW Piping for Combined (One-Pump) System (Steam Pressurized) Fig. 6 HTW Piping for Combined (One-Pump) System (Steam Pressurized) Fig. 6 HTW Piping for Combined (One-Pump) System (Steam Pressurized) |
| 260 | Fig. 7 HTW Piping for Separate (Two-Pump) System (Steam Pressurized) Fig. 7 HTW Piping for Separate (Two-Pump) System (Steam Pressurized) Fig. 7 HTW Piping for Separate (Two-Pump) System (Steam Pressurized) Fig. 7 HTW Piping for Separate (Two-Pump) System (Steam Pressurized) Fig. 8 Inert Gas Pressurization for One-Pump System Fig. 8 Inert Gas Pressurization for One-Pump System Fig. 8 Inert Gas Pressurization for One-Pump System Fig. 8 Inert Gas Pressurization for One-Pump System Fig. 9 Inert Gas Pressurization for Two-Pump System Fig. 9 Inert Gas Pressurization for Two-Pump System Fig. 9 Inert Gas Pressurization for Two-Pump System Fig. 9 Inert Gas Pressurization for Two-Pump System |
| 261 | Fig. 10 Inert Gas Pressurization Using Variable Gas Quantity with Gas Recovery Fig. 10 Inert Gas Pressurization Using Variable Gas Quantity with Gas Recovery Fig. 10 Inert Gas Pressurization Using Variable Gas Quantity with Gas Recovery Fig. 10 Inert Gas Pressurization Using Variable Gas Quantity with Gas Recovery Direct-Contact Heaters (Cascades) Direct-Contact Heaters (Cascades) Fig. 11 Cascade HTW System Fig. 11 Cascade HTW System Fig. 11 Cascade HTW System Fig. 11 Cascade HTW System Fig. 12 Cascade HTW System Combined with Boiler Feedwater Preheating Fig. 12 Cascade HTW System Combined with Boiler Feedwater Preheating Fig. 12 Cascade HTW System Combined with Boiler Feedwater Preheating Fig. 12 Cascade HTW System Combined with Boiler Feedwater Preheating System Circulating Pumps System Circulating Pumps |
| 262 | Fig. 13 Typical HTW System with Push-Pull Pumping Fig. 13 Typical HTW System with Push-Pull Pumping Fig. 13 Typical HTW System with Push-Pull Pumping Fig. 13 Typical HTW System with Push-Pull Pumping Distribution Piping Design Distribution Piping Design |
| 263 | Heat Exchangers Heat Exchangers Air Heating Coils Air Heating Coils Space Heating Equipment Space Heating Equipment Instrumentation and Controls Instrumentation and Controls |
| 264 | Fig. 14 Control Diagram for HTW Generator Fig. 14 Control Diagram for HTW Generator Fig. 14 Control Diagram for HTW Generator Fig. 14 Control Diagram for HTW Generator Water Treatment Water Treatment Fig. 15 Heat Exchanger Connections Fig. 15 Heat Exchanger Connections Fig. 15 Heat Exchanger Connections Fig. 15 Heat Exchanger Connections Heat Storage Heat Storage Safety Considerations Safety Considerations References References |
| 265 | Bibliography Bibliography |
| 266 | I-P_S08_Ch15 I-P_S08_Ch15 Energy Conservation Energy Conservation Infrared Energy Sources Infrared Energy Sources Gas Infrared Gas Infrared |
| 267 | Fig. 1 Both Fig. 1 Both Fig. 1 Types of Gas-Fired Infrared Heaters Fig. 1 Types of Gas-Fired Infrared Heaters Table 1 Characteristics of Typical Gas-Fired Infrared Heaters Table 1 Characteristics of Typical Gas-Fired Infrared Heaters Electric Infrared Electric Infrared |
| 268 | Fig. 2 Both Fig. 2 Both Fig. 2 Common Electric Infrared Heaters Fig. 2 Common Electric Infrared Heaters Table 2 Characteristics of Four Electric Infrared Elements Table 2 Characteristics of Four Electric Infrared Elements Oil Infrared Oil Infrared System Efficiency System Efficiency |
| 269 | Reflectors Reflectors Controls Controls Precautions Precautions |
| 270 | Maintenance Maintenance Design Considerations for Beam Radiant Heaters Design Considerations for Beam Radiant Heaters Fig. 3 IP Fig. 3 IP Fig. 3 Relative Absorptance and Reflectance of Skin and Typical Clothing Surfaces Fig. 3 Relative Absorptance and Reflectance of Skin and Typical Clothing Surfaces |
| 271 | Fig. 4 Both Fig. 4 Both Fig. 4 Projected Area Factor for Seated Persons, Nude and Clothed Fig. 4 Projected Area Factor for Seated Persons, Nude and Clothed Fig. 5 Both Fig. 5 Both Fig. 5 Projected Area Factor for Standing Persons, Nude and Clothed Fig. 5 Projected Area Factor for Standing Persons, Nude and Clothed Fig. 6 IP Fig. 6 IP Fig. 6 Radiant Heat Flux Distribution Curve of Typical Narrow-Beam High-Intensity Electric Infrared Heaters Fig. 6 Radiant Heat Flux Distribution Curve of Typical Narrow-Beam High-Intensity Electric Infrared Heaters Fig. 7 IP Fig. 7 IP Fig. 7 Radiant Heat Flux Distribution Curve of Typical Broad-Beam High-Intensity Electric Infrared Heaters Fig. 7 Radiant Heat Flux Distribution Curve of Typical Broad-Beam High-Intensity Electric Infrared Heaters |
| 272 | Fig. 8 IP Fig. 8 IP Fig. 8 Radiant Heat Flux Distribution Curve of Typical Narrow-Beam High-Intensity Atmospheric Gas-Fired Infrared Heaters Fig. 8 Radiant Heat Flux Distribution Curve of Typical Narrow-Beam High-Intensity Atmospheric Gas-Fired Infrared Heaters Fig. 9 IP Fig. 9 IP Fig. 9 Radiant Heat Flux Distribution Curve of Typical Broad-Beam High-Intensity Atmospheric Gas-Fired Infrared Heaters Fig. 9 Radiant Heat Flux Distribution Curve of Typical Broad-Beam High-Intensity Atmospheric Gas-Fired Infrared Heaters Fig. 10 IP Fig. 10 IP Fig. 10 Calculation of Total ERF from Three Gas-Fired Heaters on Worker Standing at Positions A Through E Fig. 10 Calculation of Total ERF from Three Gas-Fired Heaters on Worker Standing at Positions A Through E |
| 273 | References References Bibliography Bibliography |
| 274 | I-P_S08_Ch16 I-P_S08_Ch16 Fig. 1 Relative Germicidal Efficiency Fig. 1 Relative Germicidal Efficiency Fig. 1 Relative Germicidal Efficiency Fig. 1 Relative Germicidal Efficiency Terminology Terminology |
| 275 | UVGI Fundamentals UVGI Fundamentals Microbial Dose Response Microbial Dose Response Susceptibility of Microorganisms to UV Energy Susceptibility of Microorganisms to UV Energy Fig. 2 General Ranking of Susceptibility to UVC Inactivation of Microorganisms by Group Fig. 2 General Ranking of Susceptibility to UVC Inactivation of Microorganisms by Group Fig. 2 General Ranking of Susceptibility to UVC Inactivation of Microorganisms by Group Fig. 2 General Ranking of Susceptibility to UVC Inactivation of Microorganisms by Group |
| 276 | Table 1 Representative Members of Organism Groups Table 1 Representative Members of Organism Groups Lamps and Ballasts Lamps and Ballasts Types of Germicidal Lamps Types of Germicidal Lamps Fig. 3 Typical UVGI Lamp Fig. 3 Typical UVGI Lamp Fig. 3 Typical UVGI Lamp Fig. 3 Typical UVGI Lamp |
| 277 | Germicidal Lamp Ballasts Germicidal Lamp Ballasts |
| 278 | Germicidal Lamp Cooling and Heating Effects Germicidal Lamp Cooling and Heating Effects Fig. 4 Example of Lamp Efficiency as Function of Cold-Spot Temperature Fig. 4 Example of Lamp Efficiency as Function of Cold-Spot Temperature Fig. 4 Example of Lamp Efficiency as Function of Cold-Spot Temperature Fig. 4 Example of Lamp Efficiency as Function of Cold-Spot Temperature Fig. 5 Windchill Effect on UVC Lamp Efficiency Fig. 5 Windchill Effect on UVC Lamp Efficiency Fig. 5 Windchill Effect on UVC Lamp Efficiency Fig. 5 Windchill Effect on UVC Lamp Efficiency Germicidal Lamp Aging Germicidal Lamp Aging UVGI Lamp Irradiance UVGI Lamp Irradiance Fig. 6 Fig. 6 Fig. 6 Diagram of Irradiance Calculation Fig. 6 Diagram of Irradiance Calculation Application Application Ultraviolet Fixture Configurations Ultraviolet Fixture Configurations |
| 279 | In-Duct Airstream Disinfection In-Duct Airstream Disinfection Table 2 Material Reflectivity Table 2 Material Reflectivity Air Handler Component Surface Disinfection Air Handler Component Surface Disinfection |
| 280 | Table 3 Advantages and Disadvantages of UVC Fixture Location Relative to Coil Table 3 Advantages and Disadvantages of UVC Fixture Location Relative to Coil Fig. 7 UV Lamps Upstream or Downstream of Coil and Drain Pan Fig. 7 UV Lamps Upstream or Downstream of Coil and Drain Pan Fig. 7 UV Lamps Upstream or Downstream of Coil and Drain Pan Fig. 7 UV Lamps Upstream or Downstream of Coil and Drain Pan Fig. 8 Typical Installation at Coil Fig. 8 Typical Installation at Coil Fig. 8 Horizontal Lamp Placement for Coil Surface Disinfection Fig. 8 Horizontal Lamp Placement for Coil Surface Disinfection Upper-Air UVGI Systems Upper-Air UVGI Systems Fig. 9 Typical Elevation View Fig. 9 Typical Elevation View Fig. 9 Typical Elevation View Fig. 9 Typical Elevation View |
| 281 | Fig. 10 Room Distribution Fig. 10 Room Distribution Fig. 10 Room Distribution Fig. 10 Room Distribution UV Photodegradation of Materials UV Photodegradation of Materials Maintenance Maintenance Lamp Replacement Lamp Replacement Lamp Disposal Lamp Disposal Visual Inspection Visual Inspection Safety Safety Hazards of Ultraviolet Radiation to Humans Hazards of Ultraviolet Radiation to Humans |
| 282 | Sources of UV Exposure Sources of UV Exposure Exposure Limits Exposure Limits Table 4 Permissible Exposure Times for Given Effective Irradiance Levels of UVC Energy at 253.7 nm Table 4 Permissible Exposure Times for Given Effective Irradiance Levels of UVC Energy at 253.7 nm UV Radiation Measurements UV Radiation Measurements Safety Design Guidance Safety Design Guidance |
| 283 | Personnel Safety Training Personnel Safety Training Lamp Breakage Lamp Breakage Unit Conversions Unit Conversions References References |
| 285 | I-P_S08_Ch17 I-P_S08_Ch17 Fig. 1 Effect of Ambient Temperature on CT Output Fig. 1 Effect of Ambient Temperature on CT Output Fig. 1 Effect of Ambient Temperature on CT Output Fig. 1 Effect of Ambient Temperature on CT Output Fig. 2 Effect of Ambient Temperature on CT Heat Rate Fig. 2 Effect of Ambient Temperature on CT Heat Rate Fig. 2 Effect of Ambient Temperature on CT Heat Rate Fig. 2 Effect of Ambient Temperature on CT Heat Rate Fig. 3 Effects of Ambient Temperature on Thermal Energy, Mass Flow Rate and Temperature of CT Exhaust Gases Fig. 3 Effects of Ambient Temperature on Thermal Energy, Mass Flow Rate and Temperature of CT Exhaust Gases Fig. 3 Effects of Ambient Temperature on Thermal Energy, Mass Flow Rate and Temperature of CT Exhaust Gases Fig. 3 Effects of Ambient Temperature on Thermal Energy, Mass Flow Rate and Temperature of CT Exhaust Gases |
| 286 | Fig. 4 Typical Hourly Power Demand Profile Fig. 4 Typical Hourly Power Demand Profile Fig. 4 Typical Hourly Power Demand Profile Fig. 4 Typical Hourly Power Demand Profile Fig. 5 Example of Daily System Load and Electric Energy Pricing Profiles Fig. 5 Example of Daily System Load and Electric Energy Pricing Profiles Fig. 5 Example of Daily System Load and Electric Energy Pricing Profiles Fig. 5 Example of Daily System Load and Electric Energy Pricing Profiles Advantages Advantages Economic Benefits Economic Benefits Environmental Benefits Environmental Benefits Disadvantages Disadvantages Definition and Theory Definition and Theory |
| 287 | Table 1 Examples of Emissions from Typical Combined- Cycle, Simple-Cycle, and Steam Turbine Systems Table 1 Examples of Emissions from Typical Combined- Cycle, Simple-Cycle, and Steam Turbine Systems Fig. 6 Schematic Flow Diagram of Typical Combustion Turbine System Fig. 6 Schematic Flow Diagram of Typical Combustion Turbine System Fig. 6 Schematic Flow Diagram of Typical Combustion Turbine System Fig. 6 Schematic Flow Diagram of Typical Combustion Turbine System System Types System Types Evaporative Systems Evaporative Systems |
| 288 | Chiller Systems Chiller Systems LNG Vaporization Systems LNG Vaporization Systems Calculation of Power Capacity Enhancement and Economics Calculation of Power Capacity Enhancement and Economics |
| 290 | References References Bibliography Bibliography |
| 291 | I-P_S08_Ch18 I-P_S08_Ch18 Building Code Requirements Building Code Requirements Fig. 1 Hierarchy of Building Codes and Standards Fig. 1 Hierarchy of Building Codes and Standards Fig. 1 Hierarchy of Building Codes and Standards Fig. 1 Hierarchy of Building Codes and Standards Classifications Classifications |
| 292 | Table 1 Recommended Duct Seal Levels* Table 1 Recommended Duct Seal Levels* Table 2 Duct Seal Levels* Table 2 Duct Seal Levels* Duct Cleaning Duct Cleaning Leakage Leakage Table 3 Residential Metal Duct Construction1 Table 3 Residential Metal Duct Construction1 Residential Duct Construction Residential Duct Construction Commercial Duct Construction Commercial Duct Construction Materials Materials Rectangular and Round Ducts Rectangular and Round Ducts |
| 293 | Table 4A Galvanized Sheet Thickness Table 4A Galvanized Sheet Thickness Table 4B Uncoated Steel Sheet Thickness Table 4B Uncoated Steel Sheet Thickness Table 4C Stainless Steel Sheet Thickness Table 4C Stainless Steel Sheet Thickness Table 5 Steel Angle Weight per Unit Length (Approximate) Table 5 Steel Angle Weight per Unit Length (Approximate) Flat Oval Ducts Flat Oval Ducts Fibrous Glass Ducts Fibrous Glass Ducts Flexible Ducts Flexible Ducts |
| 294 | Plenums and Apparatus Casings Plenums and Apparatus Casings Acoustical Treatment Acoustical Treatment Hangers Hangers Industrial Duct Construction Industrial Duct Construction Materials Materials |
| 295 | Round Ducts Round Ducts Rectangular Ducts Rectangular Ducts Construction Details Construction Details Hangers Hangers Antimicrobial-Treated Ducts Antimicrobial-Treated Ducts Duct Construction for Grease- and Moisture-Laden Vapors Duct Construction for Grease- and Moisture-Laden Vapors Rigid Plastic Ducts Rigid Plastic Ducts |
| 296 | Fabric Ducts Fabric Ducts Underground Ducts Underground Ducts Ducts Outside Buildings Ducts Outside Buildings Seismic Qualification Seismic Qualification Sheet Metal Welding Sheet Metal Welding Thermal Insulation Thermal Insulation Master Specifications Master Specifications References References |
| 298 | Bibliography Bibliography |
| 299 | I-P_S08_Ch19 I-P_S08_Ch19 Fig. 1 Designations for Inlet and Outlet Fig. 1 Designations for Inlet and Outlet Supply Outlets Supply Outlets Fully Mixed Systems Fully Mixed Systems |
| 300 | Fig. 2 Classification of Air Distribution Strategies Fig. 2 Classification of Air Distribution Strategies Fig. 2 Classification of Air Distribution Strategies Fig. 2 Classification of Air Distribution Strategies Outlet Selection Procedure Outlet Selection Procedure Factors that Influence Selection Factors that Influence Selection |
| 301 | Fully Stratified Systems Fully Stratified Systems Outlet Selection Procedure Outlet Selection Procedure Factors that Influence Selection Factors that Influence Selection Partially Mixed Systems Partially Mixed Systems |
| 302 | Outlet Selection Procedures Outlet Selection Procedures Factors that Influence Selection Factors that Influence Selection Types of Supply Air Outlets Types of Supply Air Outlets Grilles Grilles |
| 303 | Table 1 Typical Applications for Supply Air Outlets Table 1 Typical Applications for Supply Air Outlets Fig. 3 Accessory Controls for Supply Air Grilles Fig. 3 Accessory Controls for Supply Air Grilles Fig. 3 Accessory Controls for Supply Air Grilles Fig. 3 Accessory Controls for Supply Air Grilles |
| 304 | Nozzles Nozzles Diffusers Diffusers |
| 305 | Fig. 4 Accessory Controls for Ceiling Diffusers Fig. 4 Accessory Controls for Ceiling Diffusers Fig. 4 Accessory Controls for Ceiling Diffusers Fig. 4 Accessory Controls for Ceiling Diffusers Return and Exhaust Air Inlets Return and Exhaust Air Inlets Types of Inlets Types of Inlets V-Bar Grille V-Bar Grille Lightproof Grille Lightproof Grille Stamped Grilles Stamped Grilles Eggcrate and Perforated-Face Grilles Eggcrate and Perforated-Face Grilles Applications Applications |
| 306 | Terminal Units Terminal Units General General Single-Duct Terminal Units Single-Duct Terminal Units Dual-Duct Terminal Units Dual-Duct Terminal Units Air-to-Air Induction Terminal Units Air-to-Air Induction Terminal Units |
| 307 | Chilled Beams Chilled Beams Fan-Powered Terminal Units Fan-Powered Terminal Units |
| 308 | Bypass Terminal Units Bypass Terminal Units References References Bibliography Bibliography |
| 309 | I-P_S08_Ch20 I-P_S08_Ch20 Types of Fans Types of Fans Fig. 1 Centrifugal Fan Components Fig. 1 Centrifugal Fan Components Fig. 1 Centrifugal Fan Components Fig. 1 Centrifugal Fan Components Fig. 2 Axial Fan Components Fig. 2 Axial Fan Components Fig. 2 Axial Fan Components Fig. 2 Axial Fan Components Principles of Operation Principles of Operation |
| 310 | Table 1 Types of Fans Table 1 Types of Fans |
| 311 | Table 1 Types of Fans (Concluded) Table 1 Types of Fans (Concluded) |
| 312 | Testing and Rating Testing and Rating Fig. 3 Method of Obtaining Fan Performance Curves Fig. 3 Method of Obtaining Fan Performance Curves Fig. 3 Method of Obtaining Fan Performance Curves Fig. 3 Method of Obtaining Fan Performance Curves Fan Laws Fan Laws Table 2 Fan Laws Table 2 Fan Laws |
| 313 | Fig. 4 IP Fig. 4 IP Fig. 4 Example Application of Fan Laws Fig. 4 Example Application of Fan Laws Fig. 5 Pressure Relationships of Fan with Outlet System Only Fig. 5 Pressure Relationships of Fan with Outlet System Only Fig. 5 Pressure Relationships of Fan with Outlet System Only Fig. 5 Pressure Relationships of Fan with Outlet System Only Fan and System Pressure Relationships Fan and System Pressure Relationships Fig. 6 Pressure Relationships of Fan with Inlet System Only Fig. 6 Pressure Relationships of Fan with Inlet System Only Fig. 6 Pressure Relationships of Fan with Inlet System Only Fig. 6 Pressure Relationships of Fan with Inlet System Only Fig. 7 Pressure Relationships of Fan with Equal-Sized Inlet and Outlet Systems Fig. 7 Pressure Relationships of Fan with Equal-Sized Inlet and Outlet Systems Fig. 7 Pressure Relationships of Fan with Equal-Sized Inlet and Outlet Systems Fig. 7 Pressure Relationships of Fan with Equal-Sized Inlet and Outlet Systems Fig. 8 Pressure Relationships of Fan with Diverging Cone Outlet Fig. 8 Pressure Relationships of Fan with Diverging Cone Outlet Fig. 8 Pressure Relationships of Fan with Diverging Cone Outlet Fig. 8 Pressure Relationships of Fan with Diverging Cone Outlet |
| 314 | Temperature Rise Across Fans Temperature Rise Across Fans Duct System Characteristics Duct System Characteristics Fig. 9 Simple Duct System with Resistance to Flow Represented by Three 90Ëš Elbows Fig. 9 Simple Duct System with Resistance to Flow Represented by Three 90Ëš Elbows Fig. 9 Simple Duct System with Resistance to Flow Represented by Three 90Ëš Elbows Fig. 9 Simple Duct System with Resistance to Flow Represented by Three 90Ëš Elbows Fig. 10 IP Fig. 10 IP Fig. 10 Example System Total Pressure Loss (DP ) Curves Fig. 10 Example System Total Pressure Loss (DP ) Curves Fig. 11 Both Fig. 11 Both Fig. 11 Resistance Added to Duct System of Figure 9 Fig. 11 Resistance Added to Duct System of Figure 9 |
| 315 | Fig. 12 Both Fig. 12 Both Fig. 12 Resistance Removed from Duct System of Figure 9 Fig. 12 Resistance Removed from Duct System of Figure 9 System Effects System Effects Selection Selection Fig. 13 IP Fig. 13 IP Fig. 13 Conventional Fan Performance Curve Used by Most Manufacturers Fig. 13 Conventional Fan Performance Curve Used by Most Manufacturers Parallel Fan Operation Parallel Fan Operation |
| 316 | Fig. 14 IP Fig. 14 IP Fig. 14 Desirable Combination of Ptf and DP Curves Fig. 14 Desirable Combination of Ptf and DP Curves Fig. 15 IP Fig. 15 IP Fig. 15 Two Forward-Curved Centrifugal Fans in Parallel Operation Fig. 15 Two Forward-Curved Centrifugal Fans in Parallel Operation Noise Noise Vibration Vibration Vibration Isolation Vibration Isolation Arrangement and Installation Arrangement and Installation |
| 317 | Fan Isolation Fan Isolation Control Control Fig. 16 Effect of Inlet Vane Control on Backward- Curved Centrifugal Fan Performance Fig. 16 Effect of Inlet Vane Control on Backward- Curved Centrifugal Fan Performance Fig. 16 Effect of Inlet Vane Control on Backward- Curved Centrifugal Fan Performance Fig. 16 Effect of Inlet Vane Control on Backward- Curved Centrifugal Fan Performance Fig. 17 Effect of Blade Pitch on Controllable Pitch Vaneaxial Fan Performance Fig. 17 Effect of Blade Pitch on Controllable Pitch Vaneaxial Fan Performance Fig. 17 Effect of Blade Pitch on Controllable-Pitch Vaneaxial Fan Performance Fig. 17 Effect of Blade Pitch on Controllable-Pitch Vaneaxial Fan Performance Symbols Symbols References References |
| 318 | Bibliography Bibliography |
| 319 | I-P_S08_Ch21 I-P_S08_Ch21 Environmental Conditions Environmental Conditions Human Comfort Human Comfort Fig. 1 Optimum Humidity Range for Human Comfort and Health Fig. 1 Optimum Humidity Range for Human Comfort and Health Fig. 1 Optimum Humidity Range for Human Comfort and Health Fig. 1 Optimum Humidity Range for Human Comfort and Health Prevention and Treatment of Disease Prevention and Treatment of Disease Potential Bacterial Growth Potential Bacterial Growth Electronic Equipment Electronic Equipment Process Control and Materials Storage Process Control and Materials Storage |
| 320 | Static Electricity Static Electricity Sound Wave Transmission Sound Wave Transmission Miscellaneous Miscellaneous Enclosure Characteristics Enclosure Characteristics Vapor Retarders Vapor Retarders Visible Condensation Visible Condensation Fig. 2 Limiting Relative Humidity for No Window Condensation Fig. 2 Limiting Relative Humidity for No Window Condensation Fig. 2 Limiting Relative Humidity for No Window Condensation Fig. 2 Limiting Relative Humidity for No Window Condensation |
| 321 | Table 1 Maximum Relative Humidity In a Space for No Condensation on Windows Table 1 Maximum Relative Humidity In a Space for No Condensation on Windows Concealed Condensation Concealed Condensation Energy Considerations Energy Considerations Load Calculations Load Calculations Design Conditions Design Conditions |
| 322 | Ventilation Rate Ventilation Rate Additional Moisture Losses Additional Moisture Losses Internal Moisture Gains Internal Moisture Gains Supply Water for Humidifiers Supply Water for Humidifiers Scaling Scaling Equipment Equipment |
| 323 | Residential Humidifiers for Central Air Systems Residential Humidifiers for Central Air Systems Fig. 3 Residential Humidifiers Fig. 3 Residential Humidifiers Fig. 3 Residential Humidifiers Fig. 3 Residential Humidifiers Residential Humidifiers for Nonducted Applications Residential Humidifiers for Nonducted Applications |
| 324 | Fig. 4 Industrial Humidifiers Fig. 4 Industrial Humidifiers Fig. 4 Industrial Humidifiers Fig. 4 Industrial Humidifiers Industrial and Commercial Humidifiers for Central Air Systems Industrial and Commercial Humidifiers for Central Air Systems |
| 325 | Controls Controls Mechanical Controls Mechanical Controls Electronic Controllers Electronic Controllers |
| 326 | Fig. 5 Recommended Humidity Controller Location Fig. 5 Recommended Humidity Controller Location Fig. 5 Recommended Humidity Controller Location Fig. 5 Recommended Humidity Controller Location Humidity Control in Variable Air Volume (VAV) Systems Humidity Control in Variable Air Volume (VAV) Systems Control Location Control Location References References Bibliography Bibliography |
| 327 | I-P_S08_Ch22 I-P_S08_Ch22 Uses for Coils Uses for Coils Coil Construction and Arrangement Coil Construction and Arrangement Fig. 1 Typical Water Circuit Arrangement Fig. 1 Typical Water Circuit Arrangement |
| 328 | Water and Aqueous Glycol Coils Water and Aqueous Glycol Coils Direct-Expansion Coils Direct-Expansion Coils |
| 329 | Control of Coils Control of Coils Fig. 2 Arrangements for Coils with Multiple Thermostatic Expansion Valves Fig. 2 Arrangements for Coils with Multiple Thermostatic Expansion Valves Fig. 2 Arrangements for Coils with Multiple Thermostatic Expansion Valves Fig. 2 Arrangements for Coils with Multiple Thermostatic Expansion Valves Flow Arrangement Flow Arrangement |
| 330 | Fig. 3 Typical Coil Hand Designation Fig. 3 Typical Coil Hand Designation Fig. 3 Typical Coil Hand Designation Fig. 3 Typical Coil Hand Designation Applications Applications Fig. 4 Typical Arrangement of Cooling Coil Assembly in Built-Up or Packaged Central Station Air Handler Fig. 4 Typical Arrangement of Cooling Coil Assembly in Built-Up or Packaged Central Station Air Handler Fig. 4 Typical Arrangement of Cooling Coil Assembly in Built-Up or Packaged Central Station Air Handler Fig. 4 Typical Arrangement of Cooling Coil Assembly in Built-Up or Packaged Central Station Air Handler Fig. 5 Coil Bank Arrangement with Intermediate Condensate Pan Fig. 5 Coil Bank Arrangement with Intermediate Condensate Pan Fig. 5 Coil Bank Arrangement with Intermediate Condensate Pan Fig. 5 Coil Bank Arrangement with Intermediate Condensate Pan |
| 331 | Fig. 6 Sprayed-Coil System with Air Bypass Fig. 6 Sprayed-Coil System with Air Bypass Fig. 6 Sprayed-Coil System with Air Bypass Fig. 6 Sprayed-Coil System with Air Bypass Coil Selection Coil Selection |
| 332 | Performance and Ratings Performance and Ratings Airflow Resistance Airflow Resistance Heat Transfer Heat Transfer |
| 333 | Performance of Sensible Cooling Coils Performance of Sensible Cooling Coils |
| 335 | Performance of Dehumidifying Coils Performance of Dehumidifying Coils |
| 336 | Fig. 7 Two-Component Driving Force Between Dehumidifying Air and Coolant Fig. 7 Two-Component Driving Force Between Dehumidifying Air and Coolant Fig. 7 Two-Component Driving Force Between Dehumidifying Air and Coolant Fig. 7 Two-Component Driving Force Between Dehumidifying Air and Coolant Fig. 8 Surface Temperature Chart Fig. 8 Surface Temperature Chart Fig. 8 Surface Temperature Chart Fig. 8 Surface Temperature Chart Fig. 9 Thermal Diagram for General Case When Coil Surface Operates Partially Dry Fig. 9 Thermal Diagram for General Case When Coil Surface Operates Partially Dry Fig. 9 Thermal Diagram for General Case When Coil Surface Operates Partially Dry Fig. 9 Thermal Diagram for General Case When Coil Surface Operates Partially Dry |
| 338 | Fig. 10 Leaving Air Dry-Bulb Temperature Determination for Air-Cooling and Dehumidifying Coils Fig. 10 Leaving Air Dry-Bulb Temperature Determination for Air-Cooling and Dehumidifying Coils Fig. 10 Leaving Air Dry-Bulb Temperature Determination for Air-Cooling and Dehumidifying Coils Fig. 10 Leaving Air Dry-Bulb Temperature Determination for Air-Cooling and Dehumidifying Coils Fig. 11 Typical Total Metal Thermal Resistance of Fin and Tube Assembly Fig. 11 Typical Total Metal Thermal Resistance of Fin and Tube Assembly Fig. 11 Typical Total Metal Thermal Resistance of Fin and Tube Assembly Fig. 11 Typical Total Metal Thermal Resistance of Fin and Tube Assembly |
| 339 | Fig. 12 Typical Air-Side Application Rating Data Determined Experimentally for Cooling and Dehumidifying Water Coils Fig. 12 Typical Air-Side Application Rating Data Determined Experimentally for Cooling and Dehumidifying Water Coils Fig. 12 Typical Air-Side Application Rating Data Determined Experimentally for Cooling and Dehumidifying Water Coils Fig. 12 Typical Air-Side Application Rating Data Determined Experimentally for Cooling and Dehumidifying Water Coils |
| 340 | Determining Refrigeration Load Determining Refrigeration Load Fig. 13 Psychrometric Performance of Cooling and Dehumidifying Coil Fig. 13 Psychrometric Performance of Cooling and Dehumidifying Coil Fig. 13 Psychrometric Performance of Cooling and Dehumidifying Coil Fig. 13 Psychrometric Performance of Cooling and Dehumidifying Coil |
| 341 | Maintenance Maintenance |
| 342 | Symbols Symbols References References Bibliography Bibliography |
| 343 | I-P_S08_Ch23 I-P_S08_Ch23 Methods of Dehumidification Methods of Dehumidification Fig. 1 Methods of Dehumidification Fig. 1 Methods of Dehumidification Fig. 1 Methods of Dehumidification Fig. 1 Methods of Dehumidification Compression Compression |
| 344 | Cooling Cooling Liquid Desiccants Liquid Desiccants Fig. 2 Flow Diagram for Liquid-Absorbent Dehumidifier Fig. 2 Flow Diagram for Liquid-Absorbent Dehumidifier Fig. 2 Flow Diagram for Liquid-Absorbent Dehumidifier Fig. 2 Flow Diagram for Liquid-Absorbent Dehumidifier Fig. 3 Flow Diagram for Liquid-Absorbent Unit with Extended Surface Air Contact Medium Fig. 3 Flow Diagram for Liquid-Absorbent Unit with Extended Surface Air Contact Medium Fig. 3 Flow Diagram for Liquid-Absorbent Unit with Extended Surface Air Contact Medium Fig. 3 Flow Diagram for Liquid-Absorbent Unit with Extended Surface Air Contact Medium Fig. 4 Lithium Chloride Equilibrium Fig. 4 Lithium Chloride Equilibrium Fig. 4 Lithium Chloride Equilibrium Fig. 4 Lithium Chloride Equilibrium Solid Sorption Solid Sorption Desiccant Dehumidification Desiccant Dehumidification |
| 345 | Liquid-Desiccant Equipment Liquid-Desiccant Equipment Heat Removal Heat Removal Regeneration Regeneration Fig. 5 Liquid Desiccant System with Multiple Conditioners Fig. 5 Liquid Desiccant System with Multiple Conditioners Fig. 5 Liquid Desiccant System with Multiple Conditioners Fig. 5 Liquid Desiccant System with Multiple Conditioners |
| 346 | Fig. 6 Liquid Desiccant Regenerator Capacity Fig. 6 Liquid Desiccant Regenerator Capacity Fig. 6 Liquid Desiccant Regenerator Capacity Fig. 6 Liquid Desiccant Regenerator Capacity Solid-Sorption Equipment Solid-Sorption Equipment Rotary Solid-Desiccant Dehumidifiers Rotary Solid-Desiccant Dehumidifiers Operation Operation Fig. 7 Typical Rotary Dehumidification Wheel Fig. 7 Typical Rotary Dehumidification Wheel Fig. 7 Typical Rotary Dehumidification Wheel Fig. 7 Typical Rotary Dehumidification Wheel |
| 347 | Fig. 8 Effect of Changes in Process Air Velocity on Dehumidifier Outlet Moisture Fig. 8 Effect of Changes in Process Air Velocity on Dehumidifier Outlet Moisture Fig. 8 Effect of Changes in Process Air Velocity on Dehumidifier Outlet Moisture Fig. 8 Effect of Changes in Process Air Velocity on Dehumidifier Outlet Moisture Fig. 9 Effect of Changes in Process Air Inlet Moisture on Dehumidifier Outlet Moisture Fig. 9 Effect of Changes in Process Air Inlet Moisture on Dehumidifier Outlet Moisture Fig. 9 Effect of Changes in Process Air Inlet Moisture on Dehumidifier Outlet Moisture Fig. 9 Effect of Changes in Process Air Inlet Moisture on Dehumidifier Outlet Moisture Fig. 10 Effect of Changes in Reactivation Air Inlet Temperature on Dehumidifier Outlet Moisture Fig. 10 Effect of Changes in Reactivation Air Inlet Temperature on Dehumidifier Outlet Moisture Fig. 10 Effect of Changes in Reactivation Air Inlet Temperature on Dehumidifier Outlet Moisture Fig. 10 Effect of Changes in Reactivation Air Inlet Temperature on Dehumidifier Outlet Moisture Fig. 11 Effect of Changes in Process Air Inlet Moisture on Dehumidifier Outlet Temperature Fig. 11 Effect of Changes in Process Air Inlet Moisture on Dehumidifier Outlet Temperature Fig. 11 Effect of Changes in Process Air Inlet Moisture on Dehumidifier Outlet Temperature Fig. 11 Effect of Changes in Process Air Inlet Moisture on Dehumidifier Outlet Temperature Fig. 12 Effect of Changes in Reactivation Air Inlet Temperature on Dehumidifier Outlet Temperature Fig. 12 Effect of Changes in Reactivation Air Inlet Temperature on Dehumidifier Outlet Temperature Fig. 12 Effect of Changes in Reactivation Air Inlet Temperature on Dehumidifier Outlet Temperature Fig. 12 Effect of Changes in Reactivation Air Inlet Temperature on Dehumidifier Outlet Temperature |
| 348 | Fig. 13 Interactive Desiccant Wheel Performance Estimator Fig. 13 Interactive Desiccant Wheel Performance Estimator Fig. 13 Interactive Desiccant Wheel Performance Estimator Fig. 13 Interactive Desiccant Wheel Performance Estimator Use of Cooling Use of Cooling Using Units in Series Using Units in Series Industrial Rotary Desiccant Dehumidifier Performance Industrial Rotary Desiccant Dehumidifier Performance |
| 349 | Fig. 14 Typical Performance Data for Rotary Solid Desiccant Dehumidifier Fig. 14 Typical Performance Data for Rotary Solid Desiccant Dehumidifier Fig. 14 Typical Performance Data for Rotary Solid Desiccant Dehumidifier Fig. 14 Typical Performance Data for Rotary Solid Desiccant Dehumidifier Equipment Operating Recommendations Equipment Operating Recommendations Process Air Filters Process Air Filters Reactivation/Regeneration Filters Reactivation/Regeneration Filters Reactivation/Regeneration Ductwork Reactivation/Regeneration Ductwork Leakage Leakage Airflow Indication and Control Airflow Indication and Control Commissioning Commissioning |
| 350 | Owners’ and Operators’ Perspectives Owners’ and Operators’ Perspectives Applications for Atmospheric- Pressure Dehumidification Applications for Atmospheric- Pressure Dehumidification Preservation of Materials in Storage Preservation of Materials in Storage Process Dehumidification Process Dehumidification Ventilation Air Dehumidification Ventilation Air Dehumidification |
| 351 | Fig. 15 Typical Peak Moisture Loads for Medium-Sized Retail Store Located in Atlanta Fig. 15 Typical Peak Moisture Loads for Medium-Sized Retail Store Located in Atlanta Fig. 15 Typical Peak Moisture Loads for Medium-Sized Retail Store in Atlanta, Georgia Fig. 15 Typical Peak Moisture Loads for Medium-Sized Retail Store in Atlanta, Georgia Fig. 16 Predrying Ventilation Air to Dehumidify a Commercial Building Fig. 16 Predrying Ventilation Air to Dehumidify a Commercial Building Fig. 16 Predrying Ventilation Air to Dehumidify a Commercial Building Fig. 16 Predrying Ventilation Air to Dehumidify a Commercial Building Fig. 17 Typical Rooftop Arrangement for Drying Ventilation Air Centrally, Removing Moisture Load from Cooling Units Fig. 17 Typical Rooftop Arrangement for Drying Ventilation Air Centrally, Removing Moisture Load from Cooling Units Fig. 17 Typical Rooftop Arrangement for Drying Ventilation Air Centrally, Removing Moisture Load from Cooling Units Fig. 17 Typical Rooftop Arrangement for Drying Ventilation Air Centrally, Removing Moisture Load from Cooling Units |
| 352 | Condensation Prevention Condensation Prevention Dry Air-Conditioning Systems Dry Air-Conditioning Systems Indoor Air Quality Contaminant Control Indoor Air Quality Contaminant Control Testing Testing Desiccant Drying at Elevated Pressure Desiccant Drying at Elevated Pressure Equipment Equipment Absorption Absorption Adsorption Adsorption |
| 353 | Fig. 18 Typical Performance Data for Solid Desiccant Dryers at Elevated Pressures Fig. 18 Typical Performance Data for Solid Desiccant Dryers at Elevated Pressures Fig. 18 Typical Performance Data for Solid Desiccant Dryers at Elevated Pressures Fig. 18 Typical Performance Data for Solid Desiccant Dryers at Elevated Pressures Fig. 19 Typical Adsorption Dryer for Elevated Pressures Fig. 19 Typical Adsorption Dryer for Elevated Pressures Fig. 19 Typical Adsorption Dryer for Elevated Pressures Fig. 19 Typical Adsorption Dryer for Elevated Pressures Applications Applications Material Preservation Material Preservation Process Drying of Air and Other Gases Process Drying of Air and Other Gases Equipment Testing Equipment Testing |
| 354 | References References Bibliography Bibliography Additional Information Additional Information |
| 355 | I-P_S08_Ch24 I-P_S08_Ch24 Mechanical Dehumidifiers Mechanical Dehumidifiers Psychrometrics of Dehumidification Psychrometrics of Dehumidification |
| 356 | Fig. 1 Dehumidification Process Points Fig. 1 Dehumidification Process Points Fig. 1 Dehumidification Process Points Fig. 1 Dehumidification Process Points Fig. 2 Psychrometric Diagram of Typical Dehumidification Process Fig. 2 Psychrometric Diagram of Typical Dehumidification Process Fig. 2 Psychrometric Diagram of Typical Dehumidification Process Fig. 2 Psychrometric Diagram of Typical Dehumidification Process Domestic Dehumidifiers Domestic Dehumidifiers Fig. 3 Typical Dehumidifier Unit Fig. 3 Typical Dehumidifier Unit Fig. 3 Typical Domestic Dehumidifier Fig. 3 Typical Domestic Dehumidifier |
| 357 | Fig. 4 General-Purpose Dehumidifier Fig. 4 General-Purpose Dehumidifier Fig. 4 Typical General-Purpose Dehumidifier Fig. 4 Typical General-Purpose Dehumidifier General-Purpose Dehumidifiers General-Purpose Dehumidifiers Makeup Air Dehumidifiers Makeup Air Dehumidifiers Fig. 5 Makeup Air Dehumidifier Fig. 5 Makeup Air Dehumidifier Fig. 5 Typical Makeup Air Dehumidifier Fig. 5 Typical Makeup Air Dehumidifier |
| 358 | Fig. 6 Typical Makeup Air Dehumidifier with Exhaust Air Heat/Energy Recovery Fig. 6 Typical Makeup Air Dehumidifier with Exhaust Air Heat/Energy Recovery Fig. 6 Typical Makeup Air Dehumidifier with Exhaust Air Heat/Energy Recovery Fig. 6 Typical Makeup Air Dehumidifier with Exhaust Air Heat/Energy Recovery Indoor Swimming Pool Dehumidifiers Indoor Swimming Pool Dehumidifiers |
| 359 | Fig. 7 Typical Single-Blower Pool Dehumidifier Fig. 7 Typical Single-Blower Pool Dehumidifier Fig. 7 Typical Single-Blower Pool Dehumidifier Fig. 7 Typical Single-Blower Pool Dehumidifier Fig. 8 Typical Double-Blower Pool Dehumidifier Fig. 8 Typical Double-Blower Pool Dehumidifier Fig. 8 Typical Double-Blower Pool Dehumidifier with DX Coil in Supply Air Section Fig. 8 Typical Double-Blower Pool Dehumidifier with DX Coil in Supply Air Section |
| 360 | Fig. 9 Typical Double-Blower Pool Dehumidifier with DX Coil in Return Air Section Fig. 9 Typical Double-Blower Pool Dehumidifier with DX Coil in Return Air Section Fig. 10 Supply Blower and Double Exhaust Blower Pool Dehumidifier Fig. 10 Supply Blower and Double Exhaust Blower Pool Dehumidifier Ice Rink Dehumidifiers Ice Rink Dehumidifiers |
| 361 | Fig. 11 Typical Installation of Ice Rink Dehumidifiers Fig. 11 Typical Installation of Ice Rink Dehumidifiers Installation and Service Considerations Installation and Service Considerations Wraparound Heat Exchangers Wraparound Heat Exchangers Fig. 12 Dehumidification Enhancement with Wraparound Heat Pipe Fig. 12 Dehumidification Enhancement with Wraparound Heat Pipe |
| 362 | Fig. 9 Heat Pipe Dehumidification Fig. 9 Heat Pipe Dehumidification Fig. 13 Enhanced Dehumidification with a Wraparound Heat Pipe Fig. 13 Enhanced Dehumidification with a Wraparound Heat Pipe Fig. 10 Dehumidification Enhancement with Wraparound Heat Pipe Fig. 10 Dehumidification Enhancement with Wraparound Heat Pipe Fig. 14 Slide-in Heat Pipe for Rooftop Air Conditioner Refit Fig. 14 Slide-in Heat Pipe for Rooftop Air Conditioner Refit References References Bibliography Bibliography |
| 363 | I-P_S08_Ch25 I-P_S08_Ch25 Applications Applications Table 1 Applications for Air-to-Air Energy Recovery Table 1 Applications for Air-to-Air Energy Recovery |
| 364 | Basic Relations Basic Relations Fig. 1 Airstream Numbering Convention Fig. 1 Airstream Numbering Convention Fig. 1 Airstream Numbering Convention Fig. 1 Airstream Numbering Convention Heat Recovery Ventilators Heat Recovery Ventilators Energy Recovery Ventilators Energy Recovery Ventilators |
| 366 | Ideal Air-to-Air Energy Exchange Ideal Air-to-Air Energy Exchange Airflow Arrangements Airflow Arrangements |
| 367 | Fig. 2 Heat Exchanger Airflow Configurations Fig. 2 Heat Exchanger Airflow Configurations Fig. 2 Heat Exchanger Airflow Configurations Fig. 2 Heat Exchanger Airflow Configurations Effectiveness Effectiveness Rate of Energy Transfer Rate of Energy Transfer |
| 368 | Additional Technical Considerations Additional Technical Considerations Air Leakage Air Leakage Fig. 3 Air Leakage in Energy Recovery Units Fig. 3 Air Leakage in Energy Recovery Units Fig. 3 Air Leakage in Energy Recovery Units Fig. 3 Air Leakage in Energy Recovery Units Air Capacity of Ventilator Fans Air Capacity of Ventilator Fans |
| 369 | Pressure Drop Pressure Drop Maintenance Maintenance Filtration Filtration Controls Controls Fouling Fouling Corrosion Corrosion Condensation and Freeze-Up Condensation and Freeze-Up |
| 370 | Frost Blockage and Control in Air-to-Air Exchangers Frost Blockage and Control in Air-to-Air Exchangers |
| 371 | Performance Ratings Performance Ratings Design Considerations of Various ERV Systems Design Considerations of Various ERV Systems Fixed-Plate Heat Exchangers Fixed-Plate Heat Exchangers |
| 372 | Fig. 4 Fixed-Plate Cross-Flow Heat Exchanger Fig. 4 Fixed-Plate Cross-Flow Heat Exchanger Fig. 4 Fixed-Plate Cross-Flow Heat Exchanger Fig. 4 Fixed-Plate Cross-Flow Heat Exchanger Fig. 5 Variation of Pressure Drop and Effectiveness with Air Flow Rates for a Membrane Plate Exchanger Fig. 5 Variation of Pressure Drop and Effectiveness with Air Flow Rates for a Membrane Plate Exchanger Fig. 5 Variation of Pressure Drop and Effectiveness with Air Flow Rates for a Membrane Plate Exchanger Fig. 5 Variation of Pressure Drop and Effectiveness with Air Flow Rates for a Membrane Plate Exchanger Fig. 6 Rotary Air-to-Air Energy Exchanger Fig. 6 Rotary Air-to-Air Energy Exchanger Fig. 6 Rotary Air-to-Air Energy Exchanger Fig. 6 Rotary Air-to-Air Energy Exchanger Rotary Air-to-Air Energy Exchangers Rotary Air-to-Air Energy Exchangers |
| 373 | Fig. 7 Effectiveness of Counterflow Regenerator Fig. 7 Effectiveness of Counterflow Regenerator Fig. 7 Effectiveness of Counterflow Regenerator Fig. 7 Effectiveness of Counterflow Regenerator Coil Energy Recovery (Runaround) Loops Coil Energy Recovery (Runaround) Loops Fig. 8 Coil Energy Recovery Loop Fig. 8 Coil Energy Recovery Loop Fig. 8 Coil Energy Recovery Loop Fig. 8 Coil Energy Recovery Loop |
| 374 | Fig. 9 Energy Recovery Capacity Versus Outside Air Temperature for Typical Loop Fig. 9 Energy Recovery Capacity Versus Outside Air Temperature for Typical Loop Fig. 9 Energy Recovery Capacity Versus Outside Air Temperature for Typical Loop Fig. 9 Energy Recovery Capacity Versus Outside Air Temperature for Typical Loop Heat Pipe Heat Exchangers Heat Pipe Heat Exchangers |
| 375 | Fig. 10 Heat Pipe Assembly Fig. 10 Heat Pipe Assembly Fig. 10 Heat Pipe Assembly Fig. 10 Heat Pipe Assembly Fig. 11 Heat Pipe Operation Fig. 11 Heat Pipe Operation Fig. 11 Heat Pipe Operation Fig. 11 Heat Pipe Operation Fig. 12 Heat Pipe Exchanger Effectiveness Fig. 12 Heat Pipe Exchanger Effectiveness Fig. 12 Heat Pipe Exchanger Effectiveness Fig. 12 Heat Pipe Exchanger Effectiveness |
| 376 | Fig. 13 Heat Pipe Heat Exchanger with Tilt Control Fig. 13 Heat Pipe Heat Exchanger with Tilt Control Fig. 13 Heat Pipe Heat Exchanger with Tilt Control Fig. 13 Heat Pipe Heat Exchanger with Tilt Control Twin-Tower Enthalpy Recovery Loops Twin-Tower Enthalpy Recovery Loops Fig. 14 Twin-Tower Enthalpy Recovery Loop Fig. 14 Twin-Tower Enthalpy Recovery Loop Fig. 14 Twin-Tower Enthalpy Recovery Loop Fig. 14 Twin-Tower Enthalpy Recovery Loop Thermosiphon Heat Exchangers Thermosiphon Heat Exchangers |
| 377 | Fig. 15 Sealed-Tube Thermosiphons Fig. 15 Sealed-Tube Thermosiphons Fig. 15 Sealed-Tube Thermosiphons Fig. 15 Sealed-Tube Thermosiphons Fig. 16 Coil-Type Thermosiphon Loops Fig. 16 Coil-Type Thermosiphon Loops Fig. 16 Coil-Type Thermosiphon Loops Fig. 16 Coil-Type Thermosiphon Loops Fig. 17 Typical Performance of Two-Phase Thermosiphon Loop Fig. 17 Typical Performance of Two-Phase Thermosiphon Loop Fig. 17 Typical Performance of Two-Phase Thermosiphon Loop Fig. 17 Typical Performance of Two-Phase Thermosiphon Loop Comparison of Air-to-Air Energy Recovery Systems Comparison of Air-to-Air Energy Recovery Systems |
| 378 | Table 2 Comparison of Air-to-Air Energy Recovery Devices Table 2 Comparison of Air-to-Air Energy Recovery Devices Long-Term Performance of Heat or Energy Recovery Ventilators Long-Term Performance of Heat or Energy Recovery Ventilators Selection of Heat or Energy Recovery Ventilators Selection of Heat or Energy Recovery Ventilators |
| 379 | Energy and/or Mass Recovery Calculation Procedure Energy and/or Mass Recovery Calculation Procedure Fig. 18 Maximum Sensible and Latent Heat from Process A-B Fig. 18 Maximum Sensible and Latent Heat from Process A-B Fig. 18 Maximum Sensible and Latent Heat from Process A-B Fig. 18 Maximum Sensible and Latent Heat from Process A-B |
| 380 | Fig. 19 Sensible Heat Recovery in Winter (Example 2) Fig. 19 Sensible Heat Recovery in Winter (Example 2) Fig. 19 Sensible Heat Recovery in Winter (Example 4) Fig. 19 Sensible Heat Recovery in Winter (Example 4) |
| 381 | Fig. 20 Total Heat Recovery in Summer (Example 4) Fig. 20 Total Heat Recovery in Summer (Example 4) Fig. 20 Sensible Heat Recovery in Winter with Condensate (Example 5) Fig. 20 Sensible Heat Recovery in Winter with Condensate (Example 5) |
| 382 | Fig. 21 Total Heat Recovery in Summer (Example 4) Fig. 21 Total Heat Recovery in Summer (Example 4) Fig. 21 Total Heat Recovery in Summer (Example 6) Fig. 21 Total Heat Recovery in Summer (Example 6) Fig. 22 Total Heat Recovery in Summer (Example 4) Fig. 22 Total Heat Recovery in Summer (Example 4) Fig. 22 Total Energy Recovery with EATR ¹ 0 and OACF ¹ 1 (Example 7) Fig. 22 Total Energy Recovery with EATR ¹ 0 and OACF ¹ 1 (Example 7) |
| 383 | Fig. 23 Total Heat Recovery in Summer (Example 4) Fig. 23 Total Heat Recovery in Summer (Example 4) Fig. 23 Actual Airflow Rates at Various State Points (Example 7) Fig. 23 Actual Airflow Rates at Various State Points (Example 7) Indirect Evaporative Air Cooling Indirect Evaporative Air Cooling Fig. 24 Indirect Evaporative Cooling Recovery (Example 5) Fig. 24 Indirect Evaporative Cooling Recovery (Example 5) Fig. 24 Indirect Evaporative Cooling Recovery (Example 8) Fig. 24 Indirect Evaporative Cooling Recovery (Example 8) |
| 384 | Precooling Air Reheater (Series Application) Precooling Air Reheater (Series Application) Fig. 25 Precooling Air Reheater Fig. 25 Precooling Air Reheater Fig. 25 Precooling Air Reheater Fig. 25 Precooling Air Reheater Fig. 26 Precooling Air Reheater Dehumidifier (Example 6) Fig. 26 Precooling Air Reheater Dehumidifier (Example 6) Fig. 26 Precooling Air Reheater Dehumidifier (Example 9) Fig. 26 Precooling Air Reheater Dehumidifier (Example 9) Economic Considerations Economic Considerations |
| 385 | Symbols Symbols |
| 386 | References References Bibliography Bibliography |
| 388 | I-P_S08_Ch26 I-P_S08_Ch26 Coil Construction and Design Coil Construction and Design Steam Coils Steam Coils |
| 389 | Table 1 Preferred Operating Limits for Continuous- Duty Steam Coil Materials in Commercial and Institutional Applications Table 1 Preferred Operating Limits for Continuous- Duty Steam Coil Materials in Commercial and Institutional Applications Water/Aqueous Glycol Heating Coils Water/Aqueous Glycol Heating Coils |
| 390 | Volatile Refrigerant Heat Reclaim Coils Volatile Refrigerant Heat Reclaim Coils Electric Heating Coils Electric Heating Coils Coil Selection Coil Selection Coil Ratings Coil Ratings |
| 391 | Overall Requirements Overall Requirements Table 2 Typical Maximum Condensate Loads Table 2 Typical Maximum Condensate Loads Installation Guidelines Installation Guidelines |
| 392 | Coil Maintenance Coil Maintenance References References |
| 393 | I-P_S08_Ch27 I-P_S08_Ch27 Unit Ventilators Unit Ventilators Application Application |
| 394 | Fig. 1 Typical Unit Ventilators Fig. 1 Typical Unit Ventilators Fig. 1 Typical Unit Ventilators Fig. 1 Typical Unit Ventilators Fig. 2 Methods of Preventing Downdraft along Windows Fig. 2 Methods of Preventing Downdraft along Windows Fig. 2 Methods of Preventing Downdraft along Windows Fig. 2 Methods of Preventing Downdraft along Windows |
| 395 | Selection Selection Capacity Capacity Table 1 Typical Unit Ventilator Capacities Table 1 Typical Unit Ventilator Capacities Control Control |
| 396 | Unit Heaters Unit Heaters Application Application Selection Selection Heating Medium Heating Medium Type of Unit Type of Unit |
| 397 | Fig. 3 Typical Unit Heaters Fig. 3 Typical Unit Heaters Fig. 3 Typical Unit Heaters Fig. 3 Typical Unit Heaters |
| 398 | Location for Proper Heat Distribution Location for Proper Heat Distribution Sound Level in Occupied Spaces Sound Level in Occupied Spaces Ratings of Unit Heaters Ratings of Unit Heaters Filters Filters |
| 399 | Fig. 4 Hot Water and Steam Connections for Unit Heaters Fig. 4 Hot Water and Steam Connections for Unit Heaters Fig. 4 Hot Water and Steam Connections for Unit Heaters Fig. 4 Hot Water and Steam Connections for Unit Heaters Control Control Piping Connections Piping Connections |
| 400 | Maintenance Maintenance Makeup Air Units Makeup Air Units Description and Applications Description and Applications Other Applications Other Applications Selection Selection Location Location |
| 401 | Heating and Cooling Media Heating and Cooling Media Filters Filters Control Control Applicable Codes and Standards Applicable Codes and Standards Commissioning Commissioning |
| 402 | Maintenance Maintenance Bibliography Bibliography |
| 403 | I-P_S08_Ch28 I-P_S08_Ch28 Atmospheric Dust Atmospheric Dust Aerosol Characteristics Aerosol Characteristics |
| 404 | Air-Cleaning Applications Air-Cleaning Applications Mechanisms of Particle Collection Mechanisms of Particle Collection Evaluating Air Cleaners Evaluating Air Cleaners |
| 405 | Air Cleaner Test Methods Air Cleaner Test Methods Arrestance Test Arrestance Test Atmospheric Dust-Spot Efficiency Test Atmospheric Dust-Spot Efficiency Test |
| 406 | Fig. 1 Typical Performance Curves for Fixed Cartridge-Type Filter According to ASHRAE Standard 52.1 Fig. 1 Typical Performance Curves for Fixed Cartridge-Type Filter According to ASHRAE Standard 52.1 Fig. 1 Typical Performance Curves for Fixed Cartridge-Type Filter According to ASHRAE Standard 52.1 Fig. 1 Typical Performance Curves for Fixed Cartridge-Type Filter According to ASHRAE Standard 52.1 Dust-Holding Capacity Test Dust-Holding Capacity Test Fig. 2 Typical Dust-Loading Graph for Self-Renewable Air Filter Fig. 2 Typical Dust-Loading Graph for Self-Renewable Air Filter Fig. 2 Typical Dust-Loading Graph for Self-Renewable Air Filter Fig. 2 Typical Dust-Loading Graph for Self-Renewable Air Filter Particle Size Removal Efficiency Test Particle Size Removal Efficiency Test |
| 407 | DOP Penetration Test DOP Penetration Test Leakage (Scan) Tests Leakage (Scan) Tests Specialized Performance Test Specialized Performance Test Other Performance Tests Other Performance Tests Environmental Tests Environmental Tests ARI Standards ARI Standards Types of Air Cleaners Types of Air Cleaners |
| 408 | Filter Types and Performance Filter Types and Performance Panel Filters Panel Filters |
| 409 | Electronic Air Cleaners Electronic Air Cleaners |
| 410 | Table 1 Performance of Renewable Media Filters (Steady-State Values) Table 1 Performance of Renewable Media Filters (Steady-State Values) Fig. 3 Cross Section of Ionizing Electronic Air Cleaner Fig. 3 Cross Section of Ionizing Electronic Air Cleaner Fig. 3 Cross Section of Ionizing Electronic Air Cleaner Fig. 3 Cross Section of Ionizing Electronic Air Cleaner Selection and Maintenance Selection and Maintenance |
| 411 | Residential Air Cleaners Residential Air Cleaners VAV Systems VAV Systems Antimicrobial Treatment of Filter Media Antimicrobial Treatment of Filter Media Air Cleaner Installation Air Cleaner Installation |
| 412 | Table 2 Typical Filter Applications Classified by Filter Efficiency and Typea Table 2 Typical Filter Applications Classified by Filter Efficiency and Typea |
| 413 | Table 3 Cross-Reference and Application Guidelines (Table E-1, ASHRAE Standard 52.2) Table 3 Cross-Reference and Application Guidelines (Table E-1, ASHRAE Standard 52.2) |
| 414 | Safety Considerations Safety Considerations References References Bibliography Bibliography |
| 416 | I-P_S08_Ch29 I-P_S08_Ch29 Equipment Selection Equipment Selection Regulations and Monitoring Regulations and Monitoring Gas-Cleaning Regulations Gas-Cleaning Regulations |
| 417 | Measuring Gas Streams and Contaminants Measuring Gas Streams and Contaminants Gas Flow Distribution Gas Flow Distribution Monitors and Controls Monitors and Controls Particulate Contaminant Control Particulate Contaminant Control |
| 418 | Table 1 Intended Duty of Gas-Cleaning Equipment Table 1 Intended Duty of Gas-Cleaning Equipment Table 2 Principal Types of Particulate Control Equipment Table 2 Principal Types of Particulate Control Equipment Collector Performance Collector Performance Mechanical Collectors Mechanical Collectors Settling Chambers Settling Chambers |
| 419 | Table 3 Measures of Performance for Gas-Cleaning Equipment Table 3 Measures of Performance for Gas-Cleaning Equipment Inertial Collectors Inertial Collectors Fig. 1 Typical Louver and Baffle Collectors Fig. 1 Typical Louver and Baffle Collectors Fig. 1 Typical Louver and Baffle Collectors Fig. 1 Typical Louver and Baffle Collectors |
| 420 | Table 4 Collectors Used in Industry Table 4 Collectors Used in Industry |
| 421 | Table 4 Collectors Used in Industry (Continued) Table 4 Collectors Used in Industry (Continued) |
| 422 | Table 5 Terminal Settling Velocities of Particles, fps Table 5 Terminal Settling Velocities of Particles, fps Electrostatic Precipitators Electrostatic Precipitators |
| 423 | Fig. 2 Typical Cyclone Collectors Fig. 2 Typical Cyclone Collectors Fig. 2 Typical Cyclone Collectors Fig. 2 Typical Cyclone Collectors Fig. 3 Cyclone Efficiency Fig. 3 Cyclone Efficiency Fig. 3 Cyclone Efficiency Fig. 3 Cyclone Efficiency Fig. 4 Typical Single-Stage Electrostatic Precipitator Fig. 4 Typical Single-Stage Electrostatic Precipitator Fig. 4 Typical Single-Stage Electrostatic Precipitator Fig. 4 Typical Single-Stage Electrostatic Precipitator Fig. 5 Typical Two-Stage Electrostatic Precipitators Fig. 5 Typical Two-Stage Electrostatic Precipitators Fig. 5 Typical Two-Stage Electrostatic Precipitators Fig. 5 Typical Two-Stage Electrostatic Precipitators Single-Stage Designs Single-Stage Designs |
| 424 | Fig. 6 Typical Single-Stage Precipitators Fig. 6 Typical Single-Stage Precipitators Fig. 6 Typical Single-Stage Precipitators Fig. 6 Typical Single-Stage Precipitators Two-Stage Designs Two-Stage Designs |
| 425 | Fig. 7 Condensing Precipitator Systems for Control of Hot Organic Smokes Fig. 7 Condensing Precipitator Systems for Control of Hot Organic Smokes Fig. 7 Condensing Precipitator Systems for Control of Hot Organic Smokes Fig. 7 Condensing Precipitator Systems for Control of Hot Organic Smokes Fabric Filters Fabric Filters Principle of Operation Principle of Operation |
| 426 | Pressure-Volume Relationships Pressure-Volume Relationships Fig. 8 Time Dependence of Pressure Drop Across Fabric Filter Fig. 8 Time Dependence of Pressure Drop Across Fabric Filter Fig. 8 Time Dependence of Pressure Drop Across Fabric Filter Fig. 8 Time Dependence of Pressure Drop Across Fabric Filter Electrostatic Augmentation Electrostatic Augmentation Fabrics Fabrics |
| 427 | Table 6 Temperature Limits and Characteristics of Fabric Filter Media Table 6 Temperature Limits and Characteristics of Fabric Filter Media Types of Self-Cleaning Mechanisms for Fabric Dust Collectors Types of Self-Cleaning Mechanisms for Fabric Dust Collectors Fig. 9 Bag-Type Shaker Collector Fig. 9 Bag-Type Shaker Collector Fig. 9 Bag-Type Shaker Collector Fig. 9 Bag-Type Shaker Collector Fig. 10 Envelope-Type Shaker Collector Fig. 10 Envelope-Type Shaker Collector Fig. 10 Envelope-Type Shaker Collector Fig. 10 Envelope-Type Shaker Collector |
| 428 | Fig. 11 Pressure Drop Across Shaker Collector Versus Time Fig. 11 Pressure Drop Across Shaker Collector Versus Time Fig. 11 Pressure Drop Across Shaker Collector Versus Time Fig. 11 Pressure Drop Across Shaker Collector Versus Time Fig. 12 Draw-Through Reverse Flow Cleaning of Fabric Filter Fig. 12 Draw-Through Reverse Flow Cleaning of Fabric Filter Fig. 12 Draw-Through Reverse-Flow Cleaning of Fabric Filter Fig. 12 Draw-Through Reverse-Flow Cleaning of Fabric Filter Fig. 13 Typical Pulse Jet Fabric Filter Fig. 13 Typical Pulse Jet Fabric Filter Fig. 13 Typical Pulse Jet Fabric Filter Fig. 13 Typical Pulse Jet Fabric Filter |
| 429 | Fig. 14 Pulse Jet Cartridge Filters (Upflow Design with Vertical Filters) Fig. 14 Pulse Jet Cartridge Filters (Upflow Design with Vertical Filters) Fig. 14 Pulse Jet Cartridge Filters (Upflow Design with Vertical Filters) Fig. 14 Pulse Jet Cartridge Filters (Upflow Design with Vertical Filters) Granular-Bed Filters Granular-Bed Filters Principle of Operation Principle of Operation |
| 430 | Fig. 15 Typical granular-bed filter Fig. 15 Typical granular-bed filter Fig. 15 Typical Granular-Bed Filter Fig. 15 Typical Granular-Bed Filter Particulate Scrubbers (Wet Collectors) Particulate Scrubbers (Wet Collectors) Principle of Operation Principle of Operation Spray Towers and Impingement Scrubbers Spray Towers and Impingement Scrubbers |
| 431 | Fig. 16 Fractional Efficiency of Several Wet Collectors Fig. 16 Fractional Efficiency of Several Wet Collectors Fig. 16 Fractional Efficiency of Several Wet Collectors Fig. 16 Fractional Efficiency of Several Wet Collectors Fig. 17 Efficiency of Venturi Scrubber Fig. 17 Efficiency of Venturi Scrubber Fig. 17 Efficiency of Venturi Scrubber Fig. 17 Efficiency of Venturi Scrubber Fig. 18 Typical Spray Tower Fig. 18 Typical Spray Tower Fig. 18 Typical Spray Tower Fig. 18 Typical Spray Tower Fig. 19 Typical Impingement Scrubber Fig. 19 Typical Impingement Scrubber Fig. 19 Typical Impingement Scrubber Fig. 19 Typical Impingement Scrubber Centrifugal-Type Collectors Centrifugal-Type Collectors Orifice-Type Collectors Orifice-Type Collectors Venturi Scrubber Venturi Scrubber |
| 432 | Fig. 20 Typical Orifice-Type Wet Collector Fig. 20 Typical Orifice-Type Wet Collector Fig. 20 Typical Orifice-Type Wet Collector Fig. 20 Typical Orifice-Type Wet Collector Fig. 21 Typical High-Energy Venturi Scrubber Fig. 21 Typical High-Energy Venturi Scrubber Fig. 21 Typical High-Energy Venturi Scrubber Fig. 21 Typical High-Energy Venturi Scrubber Electrostatically Augmented Scrubbers Electrostatically Augmented Scrubbers Fig. 22 Typical Electrostatically Augmented Scrubber Fig. 22 Typical Electrostatically Augmented Scrubber Fig. 22 Typical Electrostatically Augmented Scrubber Fig. 22 Typical Electrostatically Augmented Scrubber Gaseous Contaminant Control Gaseous Contaminant Control Spray Dry Scrubbing Spray Dry Scrubbing |
| 433 | Principle of Operation Principle of Operation Equipment Equipment Wet-Packed Scrubbers Wet-Packed Scrubbers Scrubber Packings Scrubber Packings |
| 434 | Table 7 Packing Factor F for Various Scrubber Packing Materials Table 7 Packing Factor F for Various Scrubber Packing Materials Fig. 23 Typical Packings for Scrubbers Fig. 23 Typical Packings for Scrubbers Fig. 23 Typical Packings for Scrubbers Fig. 23 Typical Packings for Scrubbers Arrangements of Packed Scrubbers Arrangements of Packed Scrubbers Fig. 24 Flow Arrangements Through Packed Beds Fig. 24 Flow Arrangements Through Packed Beds Fig. 24 Flow Arrangements Through Packed Beds Fig. 24 Flow Arrangements Through Packed Beds |
| 435 | Fig. 25 Typical Countercurrent Packed Scrubber Fig. 25 Typical Countercurrent Packed Scrubber Fig. 25 Typical Countercurrent Packed Scrubber Fig. 25 Typical Countercurrent Packed Scrubber Fig. 26 Horizontal Flow Scrubber with Extended Surface Fig. 26 Horizontal Flow Scrubber with Extended Surface Fig. 26 Horizontal Flow Scrubber with Extended Surface Fig. 26 Horizontal Flow Scrubber with Extended Surface Fig. 27 Vertical Flow Scrubber with Extended Surface Fig. 27 Vertical Flow Scrubber with Extended Surface Fig. 27 Vertical Flow Scrubber with Extended Surface Fig. 27 Vertical Flow Scrubber with Extended Surface Pressure Drop Pressure Drop Fig. 28 Pressure Drop Versus Gas Rate for Typical Packing Fig. 28 Pressure Drop Versus Gas Rate for Typical Packing Fig. 28 Pressure Drop Versus Gas Rate for Typical Packing Fig. 28 Pressure Drop Versus Gas Rate for Typical Packing Absorption Efficiency Absorption Efficiency |
| 436 | Table 8 Mass Transfer Coefficients (KG a) for Scrubber Packing Materials Table 8 Mass Transfer Coefficients (KG a) for Scrubber Packing Materials Table 9 Relative KG a for Various Contaminants in Liquid-Film-Controlled Scrubbers Table 9 Relative KG a for Various Contaminants in Liquid-Film-Controlled Scrubbers Fig. 29 Generalized Pressure Drop Curves for Packed Beds Fig. 29 Generalized Pressure Drop Curves for Packed Beds Fig. 29 Generalized Pressure Drop Curves for Packed Beds Fig. 29 Generalized Pressure Drop Curves for Packed Beds |
| 437 | Fig. 30 Contaminant Control at Superficial Velocity = 120 fpm (Liquid Film Controlled) Fig. 30 Contaminant Control at Superficial Velocity = 120 fpm (Liquid Film Controlled) Fig. 30 Contaminant Control at Superficial Velocity = 120 fpm (Liquid-Film-Controlled) Fig. 30 Contaminant Control at Superficial Velocity = 120 fpm (Liquid-Film-Controlled) Fig. 31 Contaminant Control at Superficial Velocity = 120 fpm (Gas Film Controlled) Fig. 31 Contaminant Control at Superficial Velocity = 120 fpm (Gas Film Controlled) Fig. 31 Contaminant Control at Superficial Velocity = 240 fpm (Liquid-Film-Controlled) Fig. 31 Contaminant Control at Superficial Velocity = 240 fpm (Liquid-Film-Controlled) Fig. 32 Contaminant Control at Superficial Velocity = 240 fpm (Gas Film Controlled) Fig. 32 Contaminant Control at Superficial Velocity = 240 fpm (Gas Film Controlled) Fig. 32 Contaminant Control at Superficial Velocity = 360 fpm (Liquid-Film-Controlled) Fig. 32 Contaminant Control at Superficial Velocity = 360 fpm (Liquid-Film-Controlled) Fig. 33 Contaminant Control at Superficial Velocity = 360 fpm (Gas Film Controlled) Fig. 33 Contaminant Control at Superficial Velocity = 360 fpm (Gas Film Controlled) Fig. 33 Contaminant Control at Superficial Velocity = 120 fpm (Gas-Film-Controlled) Fig. 33 Contaminant Control at Superficial Velocity = 120 fpm (Gas-Film-Controlled) |
| 438 | Fig. 34 Contaminant Control at Superficial Velocity = 240 fpm (Gas Film Controlled) Fig. 34 Contaminant Control at Superficial Velocity = 240 fpm (Gas Film Controlled) Fig. 34 Contaminant Control at Superficial Velocity = 240 fpm (Gas-Film-Controlled) Fig. 34 Contaminant Control at Superficial Velocity = 240 fpm (Gas-Film-Controlled) Fig. 35 Contaminant Control at Superficial Velocity = 360 fpm (Gas Film Controlled) Fig. 35 Contaminant Control at Superficial Velocity = 360 fpm (Gas Film Controlled) Fig. 35 Contaminant Control at Superficial Velocity = 360 fpm (Gas-Film-Controlled) Fig. 35 Contaminant Control at Superficial Velocity = 360 fpm (Gas-Film-Controlled) Table 10 Relative KG a for Various Contaminants in Gas-Film-Controlled Scrubbers Table 10 Relative KG a for Various Contaminants in Gas-Film-Controlled Scrubbers |
| 439 | General Efficiency Comparisons General Efficiency Comparisons Liquid Effects Liquid Effects Adsorption of Gaseous Contaminants Adsorption of Gaseous Contaminants Fig. 36 Adsorption Isotherms on Activated Carbon Fig. 36 Adsorption Isotherms on Activated Carbon Fig. 36 Adsorption Isotherms on Activated Carbon Fig. 36 Adsorption Isotherms on Activated Carbon |
| 440 | Equipment for Adsorption Equipment for Adsorption Fig. 37 Fluidized Bed Adsorption Equipment Fig. 37 Fluidized Bed Adsorption Equipment Fig. 37 Fluidized-Bed Adsorption Equipment Fig. 37 Fluidized-Bed Adsorption Equipment Solvent Recovery Solvent Recovery Fig. 38 Schematic of Two-Unit Fixed Bed Adsorber Fig. 38 Schematic of Two-Unit Fixed Bed Adsorber Fig. 38 Schematic of Two-Unit Fixed Bed Adsorber Fig. 38 Schematic of Two-Unit Fixed Bed Adsorber |
| 441 | Odor Control Odor Control Fig. 39 Moving Bed Adsorber Fig. 39 Moving Bed Adsorber Fig. 39 Moving-Bed Adsorber Fig. 39 Moving-Bed Adsorber Fig. 40 Typical Odor Adsorber Fig. 40 Typical Odor Adsorber Fig. 40 Typical Odor Adsorber Fig. 40 Typical Odor Adsorber |
| 442 | Applications of Fluidized Bed Adsorbers Applications of Fluidized Bed Adsorbers Incineration of Gases and Vapors Incineration of Gases and Vapors Thermal Oxidizers Thermal Oxidizers Catalytic Oxidizers Catalytic Oxidizers Applications of Oxidizers Applications of Oxidizers |
| 443 | Adsorption and Oxidation Adsorption and Oxidation Auxiliary Equipment Auxiliary Equipment Ducts Ducts Temperature Controls Temperature Controls Fans Fans |
| 444 | Dust- and Slurry-Handling Equipment Dust- and Slurry-Handling Equipment Hoppers Hoppers Dust Conveyors Dust Conveyors Dust Disposal Dust Disposal Slurry Treatment Slurry Treatment Operation and Maintenance Operation and Maintenance Corrosion Corrosion Fires and Explosions Fires and Explosions |
| 445 | References References Bibliography Bibliography |
| 446 | I-P_S08_Ch30 I-P_S08_Ch30 General Considerations General Considerations Terminology Terminology System Application System Application |
| 447 | Safety Safety Efficiency and Emission Ratings Efficiency and Emission Ratings Steady-State and Cyclic Efficiency Steady-State and Cyclic Efficiency Emissions Emissions |
| 448 | Gas-Burning Appliances Gas-Burning Appliances Gas-Fired Combustion Systems Gas-Fired Combustion Systems Burners Burners Fig. 1 Partially Aerated (Bunsen) Burner Fig. 1 Partially Aerated (Bunsen) Burner Fig. 1 Partially Aerated (Bunsen) Burner Fig. 1 Partially Aerated (Bunsen) Burner Fig. 2 Premix Burner Fig. 2 Premix Burner Fig. 2 Premix Burner Fig. 2 Premix Burner Combustion System Flow Combustion System Flow |
| 449 | Fig. 3 Forced-Draft Combustion System Fig. 3 Forced-Draft Combustion System Fig. 3 Forced-Draft Combustion System Fig. 3 Forced-Draft Combustion System Fig. 4 Induced-Draft Combustion System Fig. 4 Induced-Draft Combustion System Fig. 4 Induced-Draft Combustion System Fig. 4 Induced-Draft Combustion System Fig. 5 Packaged Power Burner Fig. 5 Packaged Power Burner Fig. 5 Packaged Power Burner Fig. 5 Packaged Power Burner Ignition Ignition Input Rate Control Input Rate Control |
| 450 | Fig. 6 Combustion System and Linked Air and Gas Flow Fig. 6 Combustion System and Linked Air and Gas Flow Fig. 6 Combustion System with Linked Air and Gas Flow Fig. 6 Combustion System with Linked Air and Gas Flow Fig. 7 Tracking Combustion System with Zero Regulator Fig. 7 Tracking Combustion System with Zero Regulator Fig. 7 Tracking Combustion System with Zero Regulator Fig. 7 Tracking Combustion System with Zero Regulator Residential Appliances Residential Appliances Boilers Boilers Forced-Air Furnaces Forced-Air Furnaces Water Heaters Water Heaters |
| 451 | Combination Space- and Water-Heating Appliances Combination Space- and Water-Heating Appliances Pool Heaters Pool Heaters Conversion Burners Conversion Burners Fig. 8 Typical Single-Port Upshot Gas Conversion Burner Fig. 8 Typical Single-Port Upshot Gas Conversion Burner Fig. 8 Typical Single-Port Upshot Gas Conversion Burner Fig. 8 Typical Single-Port Upshot Gas Conversion Burner Commercial-Industrial Appliances Commercial-Industrial Appliances Boilers Boilers Space Heaters Space Heaters |
| 452 | Water Heaters Water Heaters Pool Heaters Pool Heaters Applications Applications Location Location Gas Supply and Piping Gas Supply and Piping Air for Combustion and Ventilation Air for Combustion and Ventilation Draft Control Draft Control |
| 453 | Venting Venting Building Depressurization Building Depressurization Gas Input Rate Gas Input Rate |
| 454 | Effect of Gas Temperature and Barometric Pressure Changes on Gas Input Rate Effect of Gas Temperature and Barometric Pressure Changes on Gas Input Rate Fuel Gas Interchangeability Fuel Gas Interchangeability |
| 455 | Altitude Altitude Fig. 9 Altitude Effects on Gas Combustion Appliances Fig. 9 Altitude Effects on Gas Combustion Appliances Fig. 9 Altitude Effects on Gas Combustion Appliances Fig. 9 Altitude Effects on Gas Combustion Appliances |
| 456 | Oil-Burning Appliances Oil-Burning Appliances Residential Oil Burners Residential Oil Burners Fig. 10 High-Pressure Atomizing Gun Oil Burner Fig. 10 High-Pressure Atomizing Gun Oil Burner Fig. 10 High-Pressure Atomizing Gun Oil Burner Fig. 10 High-Pressure Atomizing Gun Oil Burner |
| 457 | Fig. 11 Details of High-Pressure Atomizing Oil Burner Fig. 11 Details of High-Pressure Atomizing Oil Burner Fig. 11 Details of High-Pressure Atomizing Oil Burner Fig. 11 Details of High-Pressure Atomizing Oil Burner Commercial/Industrial Oil Burners Commercial/Industrial Oil Burners Pressure-Atomizing Oil Burners Pressure-Atomizing Oil Burners |
| 458 | Table 1 Classification of Atomizing Oil Burners Table 1 Classification of Atomizing Oil Burners Return-Flow Pressure-Atomizing Oil Burners Return-Flow Pressure-Atomizing Oil Burners Air-Atomizing Oil Burners Air-Atomizing Oil Burners Horizontal Rotary Cup Oil Burners Horizontal Rotary Cup Oil Burners Steam-Atomizing Oil Burners (Register Type) Steam-Atomizing Oil Burners (Register Type) |
| 459 | Mechanical Atomizing Oil Burners (Register Type) Mechanical Atomizing Oil Burners (Register Type) Return-Flow Mechanical Atomizing Oil Burners Return-Flow Mechanical Atomizing Oil Burners Dual-Fuel Gas/Oil Burners Dual-Fuel Gas/Oil Burners Equipment Selection Equipment Selection Fuel Oil Storage Systems Fuel Oil Storage Systems |
| 460 | Table 2 Guide for Fuel Oil Grades Versus Firing Rate Table 2 Guide for Fuel Oil Grades Versus Firing Rate Fig. 12 Typical Oil Storage Tank (No. 6 Oil) Fig. 12 Typical Oil Storage Tank (No. 6 Oil) Fig. 12 Typical Oil Storage Tank (No. 6 Oil) Fig. 12 Typical Oil Storage Tank (No. 6 Oil) Fuel-Handling Systems Fuel-Handling Systems |
| 461 | Fig. 13 Industrial Burner Auxiliary Equipment Fig. 13 Industrial Burner Auxiliary Equipment Fig. 13 Industrial Burner Auxiliary Equipment Fig. 13 Industrial Burner Auxiliary Equipment Fuel Oil Preparation System Fuel Oil Preparation System |
| 462 | Solid-Fuel-Burning Appliances Solid-Fuel-Burning Appliances Capacity Classification of Stokers Capacity Classification of Stokers Fig. 14 Horizontal Underfeed Stoker with Single Retort Fig. 14 Horizontal Underfeed Stoker with Single Retort Fig. 14 Horizontal Underfeed Stoker with Single Retort Fig. 14 Horizontal Underfeed Stoker with Single Retort Stoker Types by Fuel-Feed Methods Stoker Types by Fuel-Feed Methods Spreader Stokers Spreader Stokers |
| 463 | Table 3 Characteristics of Various Types of Stokers (Class 5) Table 3 Characteristics of Various Types of Stokers (Class 5) Fig. 15 Spreader Stoker, Traveling Grate Type Fig. 15 Spreader Stoker, Traveling Grate Type Fig. 15 Spreader Stoker, Traveling Grate Type Fig. 15 Spreader Stoker, Traveling Grate Type Underfeed Stokers Underfeed Stokers Chain and Traveling Grate Stokers Chain and Traveling Grate Stokers |
| 464 | Fig. 16 Chain Grate Stoker Fig. 16 Chain Grate Stoker Fig. 16 Chain Grate Stoker Fig. 16 Chain Grate Stoker Fig. 17 Vibrating Grate Stoker Fig. 17 Vibrating Grate Stoker Fig. 17 Vibrating Grate Stoker Fig. 17 Vibrating Grate Stoker Vibrating Grate Stokers Vibrating Grate Stokers Controls Controls Fig. 18 Basic Control Circuit for Fuel-Burning Appliance Fig. 18 Basic Control Circuit for Fuel-Burning Appliance Fig. 18 Basic Control Circuit for Fuel-Burning Appliance Fig. 18 Basic Control Circuit for Fuel-Burning Appliance Safety Controls and Interlocks Safety Controls and Interlocks |
| 465 | Ignition and Flame Monitoring Ignition and Flame Monitoring Draft Proving Draft Proving Limit Controls Limit Controls Other Safety Controls Other Safety Controls Prescriptive Requirements for Safety Controls Prescriptive Requirements for Safety Controls Reliability of Safety Controls Reliability of Safety Controls |
| 466 | Operating Controls Operating Controls Fig. 19 Control Characteristics of Three-Stage System Fig. 19 Control Characteristics of Three-Stage System Fig. 19 Control Characteristics of Three-Stage System Fig. 19 Control Characteristics of Three-Stage System |
| 467 | Integrated and Programmed Controls Integrated and Programmed Controls Fig. 20 Integrated Control System for Gas-Fired Appliance Fig. 20 Integrated Control System for Gas-Fired Appliance Fig. 20 Integrated Control System for Gas-Fired Appliance Fig. 20 Integrated Control System for Gas-Fired Appliance References References |
| 468 | Bibliography Bibliography |
| 469 | I-P_S08_Ch31 I-P_S08_Ch31 Classifications Classifications Working Pressure and Temperature Working Pressure and Temperature Fuel Used Fuel Used Construction Materials Construction Materials |
| 470 | Fig. 1 Residential Boilers Fig. 1 Residential Boilers Fig. 1 Residential Boilers Fig. 1 Residential Boilers Fig. 2 Cast-Iron Commercial Boilers Fig. 2 Cast-Iron Commercial Boilers Fig. 2 Cast-Iron Commercial Boilers Fig. 2 Cast-Iron Commercial Boilers |
| 471 | Fig. 3 Scotch Marine Commercial Boilers Fig. 3 Scotch Marine Commercial Boilers Fig. 3 Scotch Marine Commercial Boilers Fig. 3 Scotch Marine Commercial Boilers Fig. 4 Commercial Fire-Tube and Water-Tube Boilers Fig. 4 Commercial Fire-Tube and Water-Tube Boilers Fig. 4 Commercial Fire-Tube and Water-Tube Boilers Fig. 4 Commercial Fire-Tube and Water-Tube Boilers Type of Draft Type of Draft Condensing or Noncondensing Condensing or Noncondensing |
| 472 | Fig. 5 Commercial Condensing Boilers Fig. 5 Commercial Condensing Boilers Fig. 5 Commercial Condensing Boilers Fig. 5 Commercial Condensing Boilers Fig. 6 Effect of Inlet Water Temperature on Efficiency of Condensing Boilers Fig. 6 Effect of Inlet Water Temperature on Efficiency of Condensing Boilers Fig. 6 Effect of Inlet Water Temperature on Efficiency of Condensing Boilers Fig. 6 Effect of Inlet Water Temperature on Efficiency of Condensing Boilers Fig. 7 Relationship of Dew Point, Carbon Dioxide, and Combustion Efficiency for Natural Gas Fig. 7 Relationship of Dew Point, Carbon Dioxide, and Combustion Efficiency for Natural Gas Fig. 7 Relationship of Dew Point, Carbon Dioxide, and Combustion Efficiency for Natural Gas Fig. 7 Relationship of Dew Point, Carbon Dioxide, and Combustion Efficiency for Natural Gas Wall Hung Boilers Wall Hung Boilers Integrated (Combination) Boilers Integrated (Combination) Boilers Electric Boilers Electric Boilers |
| 473 | Selection Parameters Selection Parameters Efficiency: Input and Output Ratings Efficiency: Input and Output Ratings Fig. 8 Boiler Efficiency as Function of Fuel and Air Input Fig. 8 Boiler Efficiency as Function of Fuel and Air Input Fig. 8 Boiler Efficiency as Function of Fuel and Air Input Fig. 8 Boiler Efficiency as Function of Fuel and Air Input Performance Codes and Standards Performance Codes and Standards |
| 474 | Sizing Sizing Burner Types Burner Types BOILER CONTROLS BOILER CONTROLS Operating Controls Operating Controls |
| 475 | Water Level Controls Water Level Controls Flame Safeguard Controls Flame Safeguard Controls References References Bibliography Bibliography |
| 476 | I-P_S08_Ch32 I-P_S08_Ch32 Fig. 1 Induced-Draft Gas Furnace Fig. 1 Induced-Draft Gas Furnace Fig. 1 Induced-Draft Gas Furnace Fig. 1 Induced-Draft Gas Furnace Components Components Casing or Cabinet Casing or Cabinet Heat Exchangers Heat Exchangers |
| 477 | Combustion Venting Components Combustion Venting Components Circulating Blowers and Motors Circulating Blowers and Motors Filters and Other Accessories Filters and Other Accessories |
| 478 | Airflow Variations Airflow Variations Fig. 2 Upflow Category I Furnace with Induced-Draft Blower Fig. 2 Upflow Category I Furnace with Induced-Draft Blower Fig. 2 Upflow Category I Furnace with Induced-Draft Blower Fig. 2 Upflow Category I Furnace with Induced-Draft Blower Fig. 3 Downflow (Counterflow) Category I Furnace with Induced-Draft Blower Fig. 3 Downflow (Counterflow) Category I Furnace with Induced-Draft Blower Fig. 3 Downflow (Counterflow) Category I Furnace with Induced-Draft Blower Fig. 3 Downflow (Counterflow) Category I Furnace with Induced-Draft Blower Fig. 4 Horizontal Category I Furnace with Induced-Draft Blower Fig. 4 Horizontal Category I Furnace with Induced-Draft Blower Fig. 4 Horizontal Category I Furnace with Induced-Draft Blower Fig. 4 Horizontal Category I Furnace with Induced-Draft Blower Fig. 5 Basement (Lowboy) Category I Furnace with Induced-Draft Blower Fig. 5 Basement (Lowboy) Category I Furnace with Induced-Draft Blower Fig. 5 Basement (Lowboy) Category I Furnace with Induced-Draft Blower Fig. 5 Basement (Lowboy) Category I Furnace with Induced-Draft Blower |
| 479 | Combustion System Variations Combustion System Variations Fig. 6 Terminology Used to Describe Fan-Assisted Combustion Fig. 6 Terminology Used to Describe Fan-Assisted Combustion Fig. 6 Terminology Used to Describe Fan-Assisted Combustion Fig. 6 Terminology Used to Describe Fan-Assisted Combustion Indoor/Outdoor Furnace Variations Indoor/Outdoor Furnace Variations Heat Source Types Heat Source Types Natural Gas and Propane Furnaces Natural Gas and Propane Furnaces Oil Furnaces Oil Furnaces Electric Furnaces Electric Furnaces |
| 480 | Fig. 7 Electric Forced-Air Furnace Fig. 7 Electric Forced-Air Furnace Fig. 7 Electric Forced-Air Furnace Fig. 7 Electric Forced-Air Furnace Commercial Equipment Commercial Equipment Ducted Equipment Ducted Equipment Unducted Heaters Unducted Heaters Fig. 8 Standing Floor Furnace Fig. 8 Standing Floor Furnace Fig. 8 Standing Floor Furnace Fig. 8 Standing Floor Furnace Controls and Operating Characteristics Controls and Operating Characteristics External to Furnace External to Furnace |
| 481 | Internal to Furnace Internal to Furnace Equipment Selection Equipment Selection Distribution System Distribution System Equipment Location Equipment Location Forced-Air System Primary Use Forced-Air System Primary Use |
| 482 | Fuel Selection Fuel Selection Combustion Air and Venting Combustion Air and Venting Equipment Sizing Equipment Sizing Types of Furnaces Types of Furnaces Consumer Considerations Consumer Considerations |
| 483 | Selecting Furnaces for Commercial Buildings Selecting Furnaces for Commercial Buildings Calculations Calculations |
| 484 | Table 1 Typical Values of Efficiency Table 1 Typical Values of Efficiency Technical Data Technical Data Natural Gas Furnaces Natural Gas Furnaces |
| 485 | Propane Furnaces Propane Furnaces Oil Furnaces Oil Furnaces Electric Furnaces Electric Furnaces Commercial Furnaces Commercial Furnaces Installation Installation |
| 486 | Agency Listings Agency Listings References References |
| 487 | Bibliography Bibliography |
| 488 | I-P_S08_Ch33 I-P_S08_Ch33 Gas In-Space Heaters Gas In-Space Heaters Room Heaters Room Heaters Fig. 1 Room Heater Fig. 1 Room Heater Fig. 1 Room Heater Fig. 1 Room Heater Wall Furnaces Wall Furnaces |
| 489 | Fig. 2 Wall Furnace Fig. 2 Wall Furnace Fig. 2 Wall Furnace Fig. 2 Wall Furnace Fig. 3 Floor Furnace Fig. 3 Floor Furnace Fig. 3 Floor Furnace Fig. 3 Floor Furnace Floor Furnaces Floor Furnaces Table 1 Efficiency Requirements in the United States for Gas-Fired Direct Heating Equipment Table 1 Efficiency Requirements in the United States for Gas-Fired Direct Heating Equipment United States Minimum Efficiency Requirements United States Minimum Efficiency Requirements Controls Controls Valves Valves Thermostats Thermostats |
| 490 | Table 2 Gas Input Required for In-Space Supplemental Heaters Table 2 Gas Input Required for In-Space Supplemental Heaters Vent Connectors Vent Connectors Sizing Units Sizing Units Oil and Kerosene In-Space Heaters Oil and Kerosene In-Space Heaters Vaporizing Oil Pot Heaters Vaporizing Oil Pot Heaters Fig. 4 Oil-Fueled Heater with Vaporizing Pot-Type Burner Fig. 4 Oil-Fueled Heater with Vaporizing Pot-Type Burner Fig. 4 Oil-Fueled Heater with Vaporizing Pot-Type Burner Fig. 4 Oil-Fueled Heater with Vaporizing Pot-Type Burner Powered Atomizing Heaters Powered Atomizing Heaters Portable Kerosene Heaters Portable Kerosene Heaters Electric In-Space Heaters Electric In-Space Heaters Wall, Floor, Toe Space, and Ceiling Heaters Wall, Floor, Toe Space, and Ceiling Heaters Baseboard Heaters Baseboard Heaters |
| 491 | Radiant Heating Systems Radiant Heating Systems Heating Panels and Heating Panel Sets Heating Panels and Heating Panel Sets Embedded Cable and Storage Heating Systems Embedded Cable and Storage Heating Systems Cord-Connected Portable Heaters Cord-Connected Portable Heaters Controls Controls Solid-Fuel In-Space Heaters Solid-Fuel In-Space Heaters Fireplaces Fireplaces Simple Fireplaces Simple Fireplaces Factory-Built Fireplaces Factory-Built Fireplaces |
| 492 | Table 3 Solid-Fuel In-Space Heaters Table 3 Solid-Fuel In-Space Heaters Freestanding Fireplaces Freestanding Fireplaces Stoves Stoves Conventional Wood Stoves Conventional Wood Stoves Advanced-Design Wood Stoves Advanced-Design Wood Stoves Fireplace Inserts Fireplace Inserts |
| 493 | Pellet-Burning Stoves Pellet-Burning Stoves General Installation Practices General Installation Practices Table 4 Chimney Connector Wall Thickness* Table 4 Chimney Connector Wall Thickness* Safety with Solid Fuels Safety with Solid Fuels Utility-Furnished Energy Utility-Furnished Energy Products of Combustion Products of Combustion |
| 494 | Agency Testing Agency Testing References References Bibliography Bibliography |
| 495 | I-P_S08_Ch34 I-P_S08_Ch34 Terminology Terminology Draft Operating Principles Draft Operating Principles |
| 496 | Chimney Functions Chimney Functions Start-Up Start-Up Air Intakes Air Intakes |
| 497 | Vent Size Vent Size Draft Control Draft Control Pollution Control Pollution Control Equipment Location Equipment Location Wind Effects Wind Effects Safety Factors Safety Factors Steady-State Chimney Design Equations Steady-State Chimney Design Equations |
| 498 | 1. Mass Flow of Combustion Products in Chimneys and Vents 1. Mass Flow of Combustion Products in Chimneys and Vents Table 1 Mass Flow Equations for Common Fuels Table 1 Mass Flow Equations for Common Fuels Fig. 1 Graphical Evaluation of Rate of Vent Gas Flow from Percent CO2 and Fuel Rate Fig. 1 Graphical Evaluation of Rate of Vent Gas Flow from Percent CO2 and Fuel Rate Fig. 1 Graphical Evaluation of Rate of Vent Gas Flow from Percent CO2 and Fuel Rate Fig. 1 Graphical Evaluation of Rate of Vent Gas Flow from Percent CO2 and Fuel Rate |
| 499 | Table 2 Typical Chimney and Vent Design Conditionsa Table 2 Typical Chimney and Vent Design Conditionsa Fig. 2 Flue Gas Mass and Volumetric Flow Fig. 2 Flue Gas Mass and Volumetric Flow Fig. 2 Flue Gas Mass and Volumetric Flow Fig. 2 Flue Gas Mass and Volumetric Flow Table 3 Mass Flow for Incinerator Chimneys Table 3 Mass Flow for Incinerator Chimneys 2. Mean Chimney Gas Temperature and Density 2. Mean Chimney Gas Temperature and Density |
| 500 | Table 4 Mean Chimney Gas Temperature for Various Appliances Table 4 Mean Chimney Gas Temperature for Various Appliances Table 5 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients of Various Chimneys and Vents Table 5 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients of Various Chimneys and Vents Fig. 3 Temperature Multiplier Cu for Compensation of Heat Losses in Connector Fig. 3 Temperature Multiplier Cu for Compensation of Heat Losses in Connector Fig. 3 Temperature Multiplier Cu for Compensation of Heat Losses in Connector Fig. 3 Temperature Multiplier Cu for Compensation of Heat Losses in Connector |
| 501 | 3. Theoretical Draft 3. Theoretical Draft Table 6 Approximate Theoretical Draft of Chimneys Table 6 Approximate Theoretical Draft of Chimneys Fig. 4 Theoretical Draft Nomograph Fig. 4 Theoretical Draft Nomograph Fig. 4 Theoretical Draft Nomograph Fig. 4 Theoretical Draft Nomograph |
| 502 | Table 7 Input Altitude Factor for Equation (21) Theoretical Draft Table 7 Input Altitude Factor for Equation (21) Theoretical Draft 4. System Pressure Loss Caused by Flow 4. System Pressure Loss Caused by Flow Table 8 Pressure Equations for Dp Table 8 Pressure Equations for Dp 5. Available Draft 5. Available Draft 6. Chimney Gas Velocity 6. Chimney Gas Velocity |
| 503 | Table 9 Resistance Loss Coefficients Table 9 Resistance Loss Coefficients 7. System Resistance Coefficient 7. System Resistance Coefficient |
| 504 | Fig. 5 Friction Factor for Commercial Iron and Steel Pipe Fig. 5 Friction Factor for Commercial Iron and Steel Pipe Fig. 5 Friction Factor for Commercial Iron and Steel Pipe Fig. 5 Friction Factor for Commercial Iron and Steel Pipe Configuration and Manifolding Effects Configuration and Manifolding Effects |
| 505 | Fig. 6 Connector Design Fig. 6 Connector Design Fig. 6 Connector Design Fig. 6 Connector Design 8. Input, Diameter, and Temperature Relationships 8. Input, Diameter, and Temperature Relationships |
| 506 | 9. Volumetric Flow in Chimney or System 9. Volumetric Flow in Chimney or System 10. Graphical Solution of Chimney or Vent System 10. Graphical Solution of Chimney or Vent System Steady-State Chimney Design Graphical Solutions Steady-State Chimney Design Graphical Solutions |
| 507 | Fig. 7 Design Chart for Vents, Chimneys, and Ducts Fig. 7 Design Chart for Vents, Chimneys, and Ducts Fig. 7 Design Chart for Vents, Chimneys, and Ducts Fig. 7 Design Chart for Vents, Chimneys, and Ducts |
| 508 | Vent and Chimney Capacity Calculation Examples Vent and Chimney Capacity Calculation Examples Fig. 8 Gas Vent with Lateral Fig. 8 Gas Vent with Lateral Fig. 8 Gas Vent with Lateral Fig. 8 Gas Vent with Lateral |
| 509 | Fig. 9 Draft-Regulated Appliance with 0.10 in. of water gage Available Draft Required Fig. 9 Draft-Regulated Appliance with 0.10 in. of water gage Available Draft Required Fig. 9 Draft-Regulated Appliance with 0.10 in. of water Available Draft Required Fig. 9 Draft-Regulated Appliance with 0.10 in. of water Available Draft Required Fig. 10 Forced-Draft Appliance with Neutral (Zero) Draft (Negative Pressure Lateral) Fig. 10 Forced-Draft Appliance with Neutral (Zero) Draft (Negative Pressure Lateral) Fig. 10 Forced-Draft Appliance with Neutral (Zero) Draft (Negative Pressure Lateral) Fig. 10 Forced-Draft Appliance with Neutral (Zero) Draft (Negative Pressure Lateral) Fig. 11 Forced-Draft Appliance with Positive Outlet Pressure Fig. 11 Forced-Draft Appliance with Positive Outlet Pressure Fig. 11 Forced-Draft Appliance with Positive Outlet Pressure (Negative Draft) Fig. 11 Forced-Draft Appliance with Positive Outlet Pressure (Negative Draft) |
| 510 | Fig. 12 Illustration for Example 2 Fig. 12 Illustration for Example 2 Fig. 12 Illustration for Example 2 Fig. 12 Illustration for Example 2 Fig. 13 Illustration for Example 3 Fig. 13 Illustration for Example 3 Fig. 13 Illustration for Example 3 Fig. 13 Illustration for Example 3 |
| 511 | Fig. 14 Illustration for Example 4 Fig. 14 Illustration for Example 4 Fig. 14 Illustration for Example 4 Fig. 14 Illustration for Example 4 |
| 512 | Fig. 15 Illustration for Example 5 Fig. 15 Illustration for Example 5 Fig. 15 Illustration for Example 5 Fig. 15 Illustration for Example 5 |
| 513 | Fig. 16 Illustration for Example 7 Fig. 16 Illustration for Example 7 Fig. 16 Illustration for Example 7 Fig. 16 Illustration for Example 7 Gas Appliance Venting Gas Appliance Venting |
| 514 | Fig. 17 Typical Fan Operating Data and System Curves Fig. 17 Typical Fan Operating Data and System Curves Fig. 17 Typical Fan Operating Data and System Curves Fig. 17 Typical Fan Operating Data and System Curves Vent Connectors Vent Connectors Masonry Chimneys for Gas Appliances Masonry Chimneys for Gas Appliances Type B and Type L Factory-Built Venting Systems Type B and Type L Factory-Built Venting Systems |
| 515 | Gas Appliances Without Draft Hoods Gas Appliances Without Draft Hoods Conversion to Gas Conversion to Gas Oil-Fired Appliance Venting Oil-Fired Appliance Venting Condensation and Corrosion Condensation and Corrosion |
| 516 | Connector and Chimney Corrosion Connector and Chimney Corrosion Vent Connectors Vent Connectors Masonry Chimneys for Oil-Fired Appliances Masonry Chimneys for Oil-Fired Appliances Replacement of Appliances Replacement of Appliances |
| 517 | Fireplace Chimneys Fireplace Chimneys |
| 518 | Fig. 18 Eddy Formation Fig. 18 Eddy Formation Fig. 18 Eddy Formation Fig. 18 Eddy Formation Fig. 19 Effect of Chimney Gas Temperature on Fireplace Frontal Opening Velocity Fig. 19 Effect of Chimney Gas Temperature on Fireplace Frontal Opening Velocity Fig. 19 Effect of Chimney Gas (Combustion Products) Temperature on Fireplace Frontal Opening Velocity Fig. 19 Effect of Chimney Gas (Combustion Products) Temperature on Fireplace Frontal Opening Velocity |
| 519 | Fig. 20 Permissible Fireplace Frontal Opening Area for Design Conditions (0.8 fps mean frontal velocity with 12 in. inside diameter round flue) Fig. 20 Permissible Fireplace Frontal Opening Area for Design Conditions (0.8 fps mean frontal velocity with 12 in. inside diameter round flue) Fig. 20 Permissible Fireplace Frontal Opening Area for Design Conditions (0.8 fps mean frontal velocity with 12 in. inside diameter round flue) Fig. 20 Permissible Fireplace Frontal Opening Area for Design Conditions (0.8 fps mean frontal velocity with 12 in. inside diameter round flue) Fig. 21 Effect of Area Ratio on Frontal Velocity for Constant Chimney Height of 15 ft with 12 in. Inside Diameter Round Flue Fig. 21 Effect of Area Ratio on Frontal Velocity for Constant Chimney Height of 15 ft with 12 in. Inside Diameter Round Flue Fig. 21 Effect of Area Ratio on Frontal Velocity (for chimney height of 15 ft with 12 in. inside diameter round flue) Fig. 21 Effect of Area Ratio on Frontal Velocity (for chimney height of 15 ft with 12 in. inside diameter round flue) |
| 520 | Fig. 22 Variation of Chimney Gas Temperature with Heat Content for Combustion Gas Fig. 22 Variation of Chimney Gas Temperature with Heat Content for Combustion Gas Fig. 22 Variation of Chimney Flue Gas Temperature with Heat Input Rate of Combustion Products Fig. 22 Variation of Chimney Flue Gas Temperature with Heat Input Rate of Combustion Products Fig. 23 Chimney Sizing Chart for Fireplaces Fig. 23 Chimney Sizing Chart for Fireplaces Fig. 23 Chimney Sizing Chart for Fireplaces Fig. 23 Chimney Sizing Chart for Fireplaces |
| 521 | Fig. 24 Estimation of Fireplace Frontal Area Fig. 24 Estimation of Fireplace Frontal Area Fig. 24 Estimation of Fireplace Frontal Opening Area Fig. 24 Estimation of Fireplace Frontal Opening Area |
| 522 | Air Supply to Fuel-Burning Appliances Air Supply to Fuel-Burning Appliances Vent and Chimney Materials Vent and Chimney Materials |
| 523 | Fig. 25 Building Heating Appliance, Medium-Heat Chimney Fig. 25 Building Heating Appliance, Medium-Heat Chimney Fig. 25 Building Heating Appliance, Medium-Heat Chimney Fig. 25 Building Heating Appliance, Medium-Heat Chimney |
| 524 | Table 10 Underwriters Laboratories Test Standards Table 10 Underwriters Laboratories Test Standards Vent and Chimney Accessories Vent and Chimney Accessories Draft Hoods Draft Hoods Draft Regulators Draft Regulators Vent Dampers Vent Dampers |
| 525 | Fig. 26 Use of Barometric Draft Regulators Fig. 26 Use of Barometric Draft Regulators Fig. 26 Use of Barometric Draft Regulators Fig. 26 Use of Barometric Draft Regulators Heat Exchangers or Flue Gas Heat Extractors Heat Exchangers or Flue Gas Heat Extractors Draft Fans Draft Fans |
| 526 | Fig. 27 Draft Inducers Fig. 27 Draft Inducers Fig. 27 Draft Inducers Fig. 27 Draft Inducers Terminations: Caps and Wind Effects Terminations: Caps and Wind Effects |
| 527 | Fig. 28 Wind Eddy and Wake Zones for One- or Two-Story Buildings and Their Effect on Chimney Gas Discharge Fig. 28 Wind Eddy and Wake Zones for One- or Two-Story Buildings and Their Effect on Chimney Gas Discharge Fig. 28 Wind Eddy and Wake Zones for One- or Two-Story Buildings and Their Effect on Chimney Gas Discharge Fig. 28 Wind Eddy and Wake Zones for One- or Two-Story Buildings and Their Effect on Chimney Gas Discharge Fig. 29 Height of Eddy Currents Around Single High-Rise Buildings Fig. 29 Height of Eddy Currents Around Single High-Rise Buildings Fig. 29 Height of Eddy Currents Around Single High-Rise Buildings Fig. 29 Height of Eddy Currents Around Single High-Rise Buildings Fig. 30 Eddy and Wake Zones for Low, Wide Buildings Fig. 30 Eddy and Wake Zones for Low, Wide Buildings Fig. 30 Eddy and Wake Zones for Low, Wide Buildings Fig. 30 Eddy and Wake Zones for Low, Wide Buildings |
| 528 | Table 11 List of U.S. National Standards Relating to Installationa Table 11 List of U.S. National Standards Relating to Installationa Fig. 31 Vent and Chimney Rain Protection Fig. 31 Vent and Chimney Rain Protection Fig. 31 Vent and Chimney Rain Protection Fig. 31 Vent and Chimney Rain Protection |
| 529 | Codes and Standards Codes and Standards Conversion Factors Conversion Factors Symbols Symbols References References |
| 530 | Bibliography Bibliography |
| 531 | I-P_S08_Ch35 I-P_S08_Ch35 Description Description Radiators Radiators Pipe Coils Pipe Coils Convectors Convectors Baseboard Units Baseboard Units Finned-Tube Units Finned-Tube Units |
| 532 | Fig. 1 Terminal Units Fig. 1 Terminal Units Fig. 1 Terminal Units Fig. 1 Terminal Units Fig. 2 Typical Radiators Fig. 2 Typical Radiators Fig. 2 Typical Radiators Fig. 2 Typical Radiators Heat Emission Heat Emission Ratings of Heat-Distributing Units Ratings of Heat-Distributing Units Radiators Radiators Convectors Convectors |
| 533 | Table 1 Small-Tube Cast-Iron Radiators Table 1 Small-Tube Cast-Iron Radiators Baseboard Units Baseboard Units Finned-Tube Units Finned-Tube Units Other Heat-Distributing Units Other Heat-Distributing Units Corrections for Nonstandard Conditions Corrections for Nonstandard Conditions Design Design Effect of Water Velocity Effect of Water Velocity |
| 534 | Table 2 Correction Factors c for Various Types of Heating Units Table 2 Correction Factors c for Various Types of Heating Units Fig. 3 Water Velocity Correction Factor for Baseboard and Finned-Tube Radiators Fig. 3 Water Velocity Correction Factor for Baseboard and Finned-Tube Radiators Fig. 3 Water Velocity Correction Factor for Baseboard and Finned-Tube Radiators Fig. 3 Water Velocity Correction Factor for Baseboard and Finned-Tube Radiators Fig. 4 Effect of Air Density on Radiator Output Fig. 4 Effect of Air Density on Radiator Output Fig. 4 Effect of Air Density on Radiator Output Fig. 4 Effect of Air Density on Radiator Output |
| 535 | Effect of Altitude Effect of Altitude Effect of Mass Effect of Mass Performance at Low Water Temperatures Performance at Low Water Temperatures Effect of Enclosure and Paint Effect of Enclosure and Paint Applications Applications Radiators Radiators Convectors Convectors Baseboard Radiation Baseboard Radiation Finned-Tube Radiation Finned-Tube Radiation |
| 536 | Radiant Panels Radiant Panels References References Bibliography Bibliography |
| 537 | I-P_S08_Ch36 I-P_S08_Ch36 Solar Heating Systems Solar Heating Systems Air-Heating Systems Air-Heating Systems Fig. 1 Both Fig. 1 Both Fig. 1 Air-Heating Space and Domestic Water Heater System Fig. 1 Air-Heating Space and Domestic Water Heater System |
| 538 | Liquid-Heating Systems Liquid-Heating Systems Fig. 2 Both Fig. 2 Both Fig. 2 Simplified Schematic of Indirect Nonfreezing System Fig. 2 Simplified Schematic of Indirect Nonfreezing System Fig. 3 Both Fig. 3 Both Fig. 3 Simplified Schematic of Indirect Drainback Freeze Protection System Fig. 3 Simplified Schematic of Indirect Drainback Freeze Protection System Direct and Indirect Systems Direct and Indirect Systems Freeze Protection Freeze Protection |
| 539 | Solar Thermal Energy Collectors Solar Thermal Energy Collectors Collector Types Collector Types Fig. 4 Both Fig. 4 Both Fig. 4 Solar Flat-Plate Collectors Fig. 4 Solar Flat-Plate Collectors Fig. 5 Both Fig. 5 Both Fig. 5 Evacuated-Tube Collector Fig. 5 Evacuated-Tube Collector |
| 540 | Collector Construction Collector Construction Fig. 6 Both Fig. 6 Both Fig. 6 Plan View of Liquid Collector Absorber Plates Fig. 6 Plan View of Liquid Collector Absorber Plates |
| 541 | Fig. 7 Both Fig. 7 Both Fig. 7 Cross Sections of Various Solar Air and Water Heater Fig. 7 Cross Sections of Various Solar Air and Water Heater Fig. 8 Both Fig. 8 Both Fig. 8 Cross Section of Suggested Insulation to Reduce Heat Loss from Back Surface of Absorber Fig. 8 Cross Section of Suggested Insulation to Reduce Heat Loss from Back Surface of Absorber Row Design Row Design Piping Configuration Piping Configuration |
| 542 | Fig. 9 Both Fig. 9 Both Fig. 9 Collector Manifolding Arrangements for Parallel-Flow Row Fig. 9 Collector Manifolding Arrangements for Parallel-Flow Row Fig. 10 IP Fig. 10 IP Fig. 10 Pressure Drop and Thermal Performance of Collectors with Internal Manifolds Numbers Fig. 10 Pressure Drop and Thermal Performance of Collectors with Internal Manifolds Numbers Fig. 11 IP Fig. 11 IP Fig. 11 Flow Pattern in Long Collector Row with Restrictions Fig. 11 Flow Pattern in Long Collector Row with Restrictions Velocity Limitations Velocity Limitations Thermal Expansion Thermal Expansion |
| 543 | Fig. 12 Both Fig. 12 Both Fig. 12 Reverse-Return Array Piping Fig. 12 Reverse-Return Array Piping Array Design Array Design Piping Configuration Piping Configuration Fig. 13 Both Fig. 13 Both Fig. 13 Mounting for Drainback Collector Modules Fig. 13 Mounting for Drainback Collector Modules Fig. 14 Both Fig. 14 Both Fig. 14 Direct-Return Array Piping Fig. 14 Direct-Return Array Piping |
| 544 | Shading Shading Thermal Collector Performance Thermal Collector Performance Fig. 15 Both Fig. 15 Both Fig. 15 Solar Collector Type Efficiencies Fig. 15 Solar Collector Type Efficiencies |
| 545 | Testing Methods Testing Methods Collector Test Results and Initial Screening Methods Collector Test Results and Initial Screening Methods Generic Test Results Generic Test Results |
| 546 | Table 1 Average Performance Parameters* for Generic Types of Liquid Flat-Plate Collectors Table 1 Average Performance Parameters* for Generic Types of Liquid Flat-Plate Collectors Table 2 Thermal Performance Ratings* for Generic Types of Liquid Flat-Plate Collectors, Btu/ft2 · day Table 2 Thermal Performance Ratings* for Generic Types of Liquid Flat-Plate Collectors, Btu/ft2 · day Thermal Energy Storage Thermal Energy Storage Air System Thermal Storage Air System Thermal Storage Liquid System Thermal Storage Liquid System Thermal Storage |
| 547 | Fig. 16 Both Fig. 16 Both Fig. 16 Pressurized Storage with Internal Heat Exchanger Fig. 16 Pressurized Storage with Internal Heat Exchanger Fig. 17 Both Fig. 17 Both Fig. 17 Multiple Storage Tank Arrangement with Internal Heat Exchangers Fig. 17 Multiple Storage Tank Arrangement with Internal Heat Exchangers Fig. 18 Both Fig. 18 Both Fig. 18 Pressurized Storage System with External Heat Exchanger Fig. 18 Pressurized Storage System with External Heat Exchanger |
| 548 | Fig. 19 Both Fig. 19 Both Fig. 19 Unpressurized Storage System with External Heat Exchanger Fig. 19 Unpressurized Storage System with External Heat Exchanger Storage Tank Construction Storage Tank Construction Storage Tank Insulation Storage Tank Insulation |
| 549 | Table 3 Insulation Factor fQ/Aq for Cylindrical Water Tanks Table 3 Insulation Factor fQ/Aq for Cylindrical Water Tanks Stratification and Short Circuiting Stratification and Short Circuiting Fig. 20 IP Fig. 20 IP Fig. 20 Typical Tank Support Detail Fig. 20 Typical Tank Support Detail |
| 550 | Fig. 21 Both Fig. 21 Both Fig. 21 Tank Plumbing Arrangements to Minimize Short Circuiting and Mixing Fig. 21 Tank Plumbing Arrangements to Minimize Short Circuiting and Mixing Storage Sizing Storage Sizing Heat Exchangers Heat Exchangers Requirements Requirements Internal Heat Exchanger Internal Heat Exchanger |
| 551 | Fig. 22 Both Fig. 22 Both Fig. 22 Cross Section of Wraparound Shell Heat Exchangers Fig. 22 Cross Section of Wraparound Shell Heat Exchangers Fig. 23 Both Fig. 23 Both Fig. 23 Double-Wall Tubing Fig. 23 Double-Wall Tubing External Heat Exchanger External Heat Exchanger Fig. 24 Both Fig. 24 Both Fig. 24 Tube Bundle Heat Exchanger with Intermediate Loop Fig. 24 Tube Bundle Heat Exchanger with Intermediate Loop Fig. 25 Both Fig. 25 Both Fig. 25 Double-Wall Protection Using Two Heat Exchangers in Series Fig. 25 Double-Wall Protection Using Two Heat Exchangers in Series Heat Exchanger Performance Heat Exchanger Performance |
| 552 | Controls Controls Differential Temperature Controllers Differential Temperature Controllers Fig. 26 Both Fig. 26 Both Fig. 26 Basic Nonfreezing Collector Loop for Building Service Hot Water Heating-Nonglycol Heat Transfer Fluid Fig. 26 Basic Nonfreezing Collector Loop for Building Service Hot Water Heating-Nonglycol Heat Transfer Fluid |
| 553 | Photovoltaically Powered Pumps Photovoltaically Powered Pumps Overtemperature Protection Overtemperature Protection Fig. 27 Both Fig. 27 Both Fig. 27 Heat Rejection from Nonfreezing System Using Liquid-to-Air Heat Exchanger Fig. 27 Heat Rejection from Nonfreezing System Using Liquid-to-Air Heat Exchanger Hot-Water Dump Hot-Water Dump Heat Exchanger Freeze Protection Heat Exchanger Freeze Protection |
| 554 | Fig. 28 Both Fig. 28 Both Fig. 28 Nonfreezing System with Heat Exchanger Bypass Fig. 28 Nonfreezing System with Heat Exchanger Bypass Photovoltaic Systems Photovoltaic Systems Fundamentals of Photovoltaics Fundamentals of Photovoltaics Fig. 29 Both Fig. 29 Both Fig. 29 Representative Current-Voltage and Power-Voltage Curves for Photovoltaic Device Fig. 29 Representative Current-Voltage and Power-Voltage Curves for Photovoltaic Device |
| 555 | Photovoltaic Cells and Modules Photovoltaic Cells and Modules Related Equipment Related Equipment |
| 556 | References References Bibliography Bibliography |
| 557 | I-P_S08_Ch37 I-P_S08_Ch37 Fig. 1 Comparison of Single-Stage Centrifugal, Reciprocating, and Screw Compressor Performance Fig. 1 Comparison of Single-Stage Centrifugal, Reciprocating, and Screw Compressor Performance Fig. 1 Comparison of Single-Stage Centrifugal, Reciprocating, and Screw Compressor Performance Fig. 1 Comparison of Single-Stage Centrifugal, Reciprocating, and Screw Compressor Performance Positive-Displacement Compressors Positive-Displacement Compressors |
| 558 | Fig. 2 Types of Positive-Displacement Compressors Fig. 2 Types of Positive-Displacement Compressors Fig. 2 Types of Positive-Displacement Compressors (Classified by Compression Mechanism Design) Fig. 2 Types of Positive-Displacement Compressors (Classified by Compression Mechanism Design) Performance Performance Fig. 3 Ideal Compressor Cycle Fig. 3 Ideal Compressor Cycle Fig. 3 Ideal Compressor Cycle Fig. 3 Ideal Compressor Cycle Ideal Compressor Ideal Compressor |
| 559 | Fig. 4 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Ideal Refrigeration Cycle Fig. 4 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Ideal Refrigeration Cycle Fig. 4 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Ideal Refrigeration Cycle Fig. 4 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Ideal Refrigeration Cycle Actual Compressor Actual Compressor Compressor Efficiency, Subcooling, and Superheating Compressor Efficiency, Subcooling, and Superheating |
| 560 | Abnormal Operating Conditions, Hazards, and Protective Devices Abnormal Operating Conditions, Hazards, and Protective Devices Liquid Hazard Liquid Hazard Suction and Discharge Pulsations Suction and Discharge Pulsations |
| 561 | Noise Noise Vibration Vibration Shock Shock Testing and Operating Requirements Testing and Operating Requirements |
| 562 | Fig. 5 Example of Compressor Operating Envelope Fig. 5 Example of Compressor Operating Envelope Fig. 5 Example of Compressor Operating Envelope Fig. 5 Example of Compressor Operating Envelope Motors Motors |
| 563 | Reciprocating Compressors Reciprocating Compressors Fig. 6 Basic Reciprocating Piston with Reed with Valves Fig. 6 Basic Reciprocating Piston with Reed with Valves Fig. 6 Basic Reciprocating Piston with Reed Valves Fig. 6 Basic Reciprocating Piston with Reed Valves Fig. 7 Pumping Cycle of Reciprocating Compressor Fig. 7 Pumping Cycle of Reciprocating Compressor Fig. 7 Pumping Cycle of Reciprocating Compressor Fig. 7 Pumping Cycle of Reciprocating Compressor |
| 564 | Table 1 Typical Design Features of Reciprocating Compressors Table 1 Typical Design Features of Reciprocating Compressors Performance Data Performance Data Motor Performance Motor Performance |
| 565 | Fig. 8 Capacity and Power-Input Curves for Typical Hermetic Reciprocating Compressor Fig. 8 Capacity and Power-Input Curves for Typical Hermetic Reciprocating Compressor Fig. 8 Capacity and Power-Input Curves for Typical Semihermetic Reciprocating Compressor Fig. 8 Capacity and Power-Input Curves for Typical Semihermetic Reciprocating Compressor Table 2 Motor-Starting Torques Table 2 Motor-Starting Torques Features Features |
| 567 | Special Devices Special Devices Application Application Fig. 9 Modified Oil-Equalizing System Fig. 9 Modified Oil-Equalizing System Fig. 9 Modified Oil-Equalizing System Fig. 9 Modified Oil-Equalizing System Rotary Compressors Rotary Compressors Rolling-Piston Compressors Rolling-Piston Compressors |
| 568 | Fig. 10 Fixed Vane, Rolling Piston Rotary Compressor Fig. 10 Fixed Vane, Rolling Piston Rotary Compressor Fig. 10 Fixed-Vane, Rolling-Piston Rotary Compressor Fig. 10 Fixed-Vane, Rolling-Piston Rotary Compressor Fig. 11 Performance Curves for Typical Rolling Piston Compressor Fig. 11 Performance Curves for Typical Rolling Piston Compressor Fig. 11 Performance Curves for Typical Rolling-Piston Compressor Fig. 11 Performance Curves for Typical Rolling-Piston Compressor Table 3 Typical Rolling-Piston Compressor Performance Table 3 Typical Rolling-Piston Compressor Performance Performance Performance |
| 569 | Fig. 12 Sound Level of Combination Refrigerator-Freezer with Typical Rotary Compressor Fig. 12 Sound Level of Combination Refrigerator-Freezer with Typical Rotary Compressor Fig. 12 Sound Level of Combination Refrigerator-Freezer with Typical Rotary Compressor Fig. 12 Sound Level of Combination Refrigerator-Freezer with Typical Rotary Compressor Features Features Rotary-Vane Compressors Rotary-Vane Compressors Fig. 13 Rotary Vane Compressor Fig. 13 Rotary Vane Compressor Fig. 13 Rotary-Vane Compressor Fig. 13 Rotary-Vane Compressor |
| 570 | Single-Screw Compressors Single-Screw Compressors Description Description Fig. 14 Section of Single-Screw Refrigeration Compressor Fig. 14 Section of Single-Screw Refrigeration Compressor Fig. 14 Section of Single-Screw Refrigeration Compressor Fig. 14 Section of Single-Screw Refrigeration Compressor Fig. 15 Sequence of Compression Process in Single-Screw Compressor Fig. 15 Sequence of Compression Process in Single-Screw Compressor Fig. 15 Sequence of Compression Process in Single-Screw Compressor Fig. 15 Sequence of Compression Process in Single-Screw Compressor Compression Process Compression Process Mechanical Features Mechanical Features |
| 571 | Fig. 16 Radial and Axially Balanced Main Rotor Fig. 16 Radial and Axially Balanced Main Rotor Fig. 16 Radial and Axially Balanced Main Rotor Fig. 16 Radial and Axially Balanced Main Rotor Fig. 17 Oil and Refrigerant Schematic of Oil Injection System Fig. 17 Oil and Refrigerant Schematic of Oil Injection System Fig. 17 Oil and Refrigerant Schematic of Oil Injection System Fig. 17 Oil and Refrigerant Schematic of Oil Injection System |
| 572 | Fig. 18 Schematic of Oil-Injection-Free Circuit Fig. 18 Schematic of Oil-Injection-Free Circuit Fig. 18 Schematic of Oil-Injection-Free Circuit Fig. 18 Schematic of Oil-Injection-Free Circuit Fig. 19 Theoretical Economizer Cycle Fig. 19 Theoretical Economizer Cycle Fig. 19 Theoretical Economizer Cycle Fig. 19 Theoretical Economizer Cycle |
| 573 | Fig. 20 Capacity Control Slide Valve Operation Fig. 20 Capacity Control Slide Valve Operation Fig. 20 Capacity-Control Slide Valve Operation Fig. 20 Capacity-Control Slide Valve Operation Fig. 21 Refrigeration Compressor Equipped with Variable Capacity Slide Valve and Variable Volume Ratio Slide Valve Fig. 21 Refrigeration Compressor Equipped with Variable Capacity Slide Valve and Variable Volume Ratio Slide Valve Fig. 21 Refrigeration Compressor Equipped with Variable- Capacity Slide Valve and Variable-Volume-Ratio Slide Valve Fig. 21 Refrigeration Compressor Equipped with Variable- Capacity Slide Valve and Variable-Volume-Ratio Slide Valve Fig. 22 Capacity Slide in Full-Load Position and Volume Ratio Slide in Intermediate Position Fig. 22 Capacity Slide in Full-Load Position and Volume Ratio Slide in Intermediate Position Fig. 22 Capacity Slide in Full-Load Position and Volume Ratio Slide in Intermediate Position Fig. 22 Capacity Slide in Full-Load Position and Volume Ratio Slide in Intermediate Position Fig. 23 Capacity Slide in Part-Load Position and Volume Ratio Slide Positioned to Maintain System Volume Ratio Fig. 23 Capacity Slide in Part-Load Position and Volume Ratio Slide Positioned to Maintain System Volume Ratio Fig. 23 Capacity Slide in Part-Load Position and Volume Ratio Slide Positioned to Maintain System Volume Ratio Fig. 23 Capacity Slide in Part-Load Position and Volume Ratio Slide Positioned to Maintain System Volume Ratio |
| 574 | Fig. 24 Part-Load Effect of Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Capacity Control Fig. 24 Part-Load Effect of Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Capacity Control Fig. 24 Part-Load Effect of Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Capacity Control Fig. 24 Part-Load Effect of Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Capacity Control Noise and Vibration Noise and Vibration Fig. 25 Typical Compressor Performance on R-22 Fig. 25 Typical Compressor Performance on R-22 Fig. 25 Typical Open-Compressor Performance on R-22 Fig. 25 Typical Open-Compressor Performance on R-22 Fig. 26 Typical Compressor Performance on R-717 (Ammonia) Fig. 26 Typical Compressor Performance on R-717 (Ammonia) Fig. 26 Typical Compressor Performance on R-717 (Ammonia) Fig. 26 Typical Compressor Performance on R-717 (Ammonia) Twin-Screw Compressors Twin-Screw Compressors |
| 575 | Fig. 27 Typical Semihermetic Single-Screw Compressor Fig. 27 Typical Semihermetic Single-Screw Compressor Fig. 27 Typical Semihermetic Single-Screw Compressor Fig. 27 Typical Semihermetic Single-Screw Compressor Compression Process Compression Process Fig. 28 Single Gate Rotor Semihermetic Single-Screw Compressor Fig. 28 Single Gate Rotor Semihermetic Single-Screw Compressor Fig. 28 Single-Gate-Rotor Semihermetic Single-Screw Compressor Fig. 28 Single-Gate-Rotor Semihermetic Single-Screw Compressor Fig. 29 Twin-Screw Compressor Fig. 29 Twin-Screw Compressor Fig. 29 Twin-Screw Compressor Fig. 29 Twin-Screw Compressor Fig. 30 Compression Process Fig. 30 Compression Process Fig. 30 Twin-Screw Compression Process Fig. 30 Twin-Screw Compression Process Mechanical Features Mechanical Features |
| 576 | Capacity Control Capacity Control Fig. 31 Slide Valve Unloading Mechanism Fig. 31 Slide Valve Unloading Mechanism Fig. 31 Slide Valve Unloading Mechanism Fig. 31 Slide Valve Unloading Mechanism |
| 577 | Fig. 32 Lift Valve Unloading Mechanism Fig. 32 Lift Valve Unloading Mechanism Fig. 32 Lift Valve Unloading Mechanism Fig. 32 Lift Valve Unloading Mechanism Volume (Compression) Ratio Volume (Compression) Ratio Fig. 33 View of Fixed and Variable Volume Ratio (Vi ) Slide Valves from Above Fig. 33 View of Fixed and Variable Volume Ratio (Vi ) Slide Valves from Above Fig. 33 View of Fixed- and Variable-Volume-Ratio (Vi ) Slide Valves from Above Fig. 33 View of Fixed- and Variable-Volume-Ratio (Vi ) Slide Valves from Above |
| 578 | Fig. 34 Twin-Screw Compressor Efficiency Curves Fig. 34 Twin-Screw Compressor Efficiency Curves Fig. 34 Twin-Screw Compressor Efficiency Curves Fig. 34 Twin-Screw Compressor Efficiency Curves Oil Injection Oil Injection |
| 579 | Economizers Economizers Fig. 35 Semihermetic Twin-Screw Compressor with Suction Gas-Cooled Motor Fig. 35 Semihermetic Twin-Screw Compressor with Suction Gas-Cooled Motor Fig. 35 Semihermetic Twin-Screw Compressor with Suction-Gas-Cooled Motor Fig. 35 Semihermetic Twin-Screw Compressor with Suction-Gas-Cooled Motor Fig. 36 Semihermetic Twin-Screw Compressor with Motor Housing Used as Economizer; Built-In Oil Separator Fig. 36 Semihermetic Twin-Screw Compressor with Motor Housing Used as Economizer; Built-In Oil Separator Fig. 36 Semihermetic Twin-Screw Compressor with Motor Housing Used as Economizer; Built-In Oil Separator Fig. 36 Semihermetic Twin-Screw Compressor with Motor Housing Used as Economizer; Built-In Oil Separator Hermetic and Semihermetic Compressors Hermetic and Semihermetic Compressors Performance Characteristics Performance Characteristics Noise Noise Orbital Compressors Orbital Compressors Scroll Compressors Scroll Compressors Description Description |
| 580 | Fig. 37 Vertical, Discharge-Cooled, Semihermetic Twin-Screw Compressor Fig. 37 Vertical, Discharge-Cooled, Semihermetic Twin-Screw Compressor Fig. 37 Vertical, Discharge-Cooled, Hermetic Twin-Screw Compressor Fig. 37 Vertical, Discharge-Cooled, Hermetic Twin-Screw Compressor Fig. 38 Interfitted Scroll Members Fig. 38 Interfitted Scroll Members Fig. 38 Interfitted Scroll Members Fig. 38 Interfitted Scroll Members Fig. 39 Scroll Compression Process Fig. 39 Scroll Compression Process Fig. 39 Scroll Compression Process Fig. 39 Scroll Compression Process |
| 581 | Mechanical Features Mechanical Features Fig. 40 Bearings and Other Components of Scroll Compressor Fig. 40 Bearings and Other Components of Scroll Compressor Fig. 40 Bearings and Other Components of Scroll Compressor Fig. 40 Bearings and Other Components of Scroll Compressor Capacity Control Capacity Control |
| 582 | Fig. 41 Volumetric and Isentropic Efficiency Versus Pressure Ratio for Scroll Compressors Fig. 41 Volumetric and Isentropic Efficiency Versus Pressure Ratio for Scroll Compressors Fig. 41 Volumetric and Isentropic Efficiency Versus Pressure Ratio for Scroll Compressors Fig. 41 Volumetric and Isentropic Efficiency Versus Pressure Ratio for Scroll Compressors Performance Performance Fig. 42 Scroll Capacity Versus Residence Demand Fig. 42 Scroll Capacity Versus Residence Demand Fig. 42 Scroll Capacity Versus Residence Demand Fig. 42 Scroll Capacity Versus Residence Demand Fig. 43 Typical Scroll Sound Spectrum Fig. 43 Typical Scroll Sound Spectrum Fig. 43 Typical Scroll Sound Spectrum Fig. 43 Typical Scroll Sound Spectrum Noise and Vibration Noise and Vibration Operation and Maintenance Operation and Maintenance Trochoidal Compressors Trochoidal Compressors |
| 583 | Fig. 44 Possible Versions of Epitrochoidal and Hypotrochoidal Machines Fig. 44 Possible Versions of Epitrochoidal and Hypotrochoidal Machines Fig. 44 Possible Versions of Epitrochoidal and Hypotrochoidal Machines Fig. 44 Possible Versions of Epitrochoidal and Hypotrochoidal Machines Fig. 45 Wankel Sealing System for Trochoidal Compressors Fig. 45 Wankel Sealing System for Trochoidal Compressors Fig. 45 Wankel Sealing System for Trochoidal Compressors Fig. 45 Wankel Sealing System for Trochoidal Compressors Fig. 46 Sequence of Operation of Wankel Rotary Compressor Fig. 46 Sequence of Operation of Wankel Rotary Compressor Fig. 46 Sequence of Operation of Wankel Rotary Compressor Fig. 46 Sequence of Operation of Wankel Rotary Compressor Description and Performance Description and Performance |
| 584 | Centrifugal Compressors Centrifugal Compressors Fig. 47 Centrifugal Refrigeration Unit Cross Section Fig. 47 Centrifugal Refrigeration Unit Cross Section Fig. 47 Centrifugal Refrigeration Unit Cross Section Fig. 47 Centrifugal Refrigeration Unit Cross Section Refrigeration Cycle Refrigeration Cycle |
| 585 | Fig. 48 Simple Vapor Compression Cycle Fig. 48 Simple Vapor Compression Cycle Fig. 48 Simple Vapor Compression Cycle Fig. 48 Simple Vapor Compression Cycle Fig. 49 Compression Cycle with Flash Cooling Fig. 49 Compression Cycle with Flash Cooling Fig. 49 Compression Cycle with Flash Cooling Fig. 49 Compression Cycle with Flash Cooling Fig. 50 Compression Cycle with Power Recovery Expander Fig. 50 Compression Cycle with Power Recovery Expander Fig. 50 Compression Cycle with Power Recovery Expander Fig. 50 Compression Cycle with Power Recovery Expander Angular Momentum Angular Momentum Fig. 51 Impeller Exit Velocity Diagram Fig. 51 Impeller Exit Velocity Diagram Fig. 51 Impeller Exit Velocity Diagram Fig. 51 Impeller Exit Velocity Diagram |
| 586 | Isentropic Analysis Isentropic Analysis Polytropic Analysis Polytropic Analysis |
| 587 | Fig. 52 Ratio of Polytropic to Adiabatic Work Fig. 52 Ratio of Polytropic to Adiabatic Work Fig. 52 Ratio of Polytropic to Adiabatic Work Fig. 52 Ratio of Polytropic to Adiabatic Work Nondimensional Coefficients Nondimensional Coefficients |
| 588 | Table 4 Acoustic Velocity of Saturated Vapor, fps Table 4 Acoustic Velocity of Saturated Vapor, fps Mach Number Mach Number Performance Performance Fig. 53 Typical Compressor Performance Curves Fig. 53 Typical Compressor Performance Curves Fig. 53 Typical Compressor Performance Curves Fig. 53 Typical Compressor Performance Curves Testing Testing |
| 589 | Surging Surging System Balance and Capacity Control System Balance and Capacity Control Fig. 54 Typical Compressor Performance with Various Prerotation Vane Settings Fig. 54 Typical Compressor Performance with Various Prerotation Vane Settings Fig. 54 Typical Compressor Performance with Various Prerotation Vane Settings Fig. 54 Typical Compressor Performance with Various Prerotation Vane Settings |
| 590 | Fig. 55 Typical Part-Load Gas Compression Power Input for Speed and Vane Capacity Controls Fig. 55 Typical Part-Load Gas Compression Power Input for Speed and Vane Capacity Controls Fig. 55 Typical Part-Load Gas Compression Power Input for Speed and Vane Capacity Controls Fig. 55 Typical Part-Load Gas Compression Power Input for Speed and Vane Capacity Controls Application Application Critical Speed Critical Speed Vibration Vibration Noise Noise |
| 591 | Drivers Drivers Paralleling Paralleling Other Specialized Applications Other Specialized Applications Mechanical Design Mechanical Design Impellers Impellers |
| 592 | Casings Casings Lubrication Lubrication Bearings Bearings Accessories Accessories Operation and Maintenance Operation and Maintenance |
| 593 | Symbols Symbols References References |
| 595 | I-P_S08_Ch38 I-P_S08_Ch38 Water-Cooled Condensers Water-Cooled Condensers Heat Removal Heat Removal Fig. 1 Heat Removed in Condenser Fig. 1 Heat Removed in Condenser |
| 596 | Heat Transfer Heat Transfer Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient Water-Side Film Coefficient Water-Side Film Coefficient |
| 597 | Refrigerant-Side Film Coefficient Refrigerant-Side Film Coefficient Tube-Wall Resistance Tube-Wall Resistance |
| 598 | Surface Efficiency Surface Efficiency Fouling Factor Fouling Factor Fig. 2 Effect of Fouling on Condenser Fig. 2 Effect of Fouling on Condenser Fig. 2 Effect of Fouling on Condenser Fig. 2 Effect of Fouling on Condenser Water Pressure Drop Water Pressure Drop |
| 599 | Liquid Subcooling Liquid Subcooling Circuiting Circuiting Fig. 3 Effect of Condenser Circuiting Fig. 3 Effect of Condenser Circuiting Fig. 3 Effect of Condenser Circuiting Fig. 3 Effect of Condenser Circuiting Condenser Types Condenser Types Shell-and-Tube Condensers Shell-and-Tube Condensers |
| 600 | Shell-and-Coil Condensers Shell-and-Coil Condensers Tube-in-Tube Condensers Tube-in-Tube Condensers Brazed-Plate and Plate-and-Frame Condensers Brazed-Plate and Plate-and-Frame Condensers Noncondensable Gases Noncondensable Gases |
| 601 | Fig. 4 Loss of Refrigerant During Purging at Various Gas Temperatures and Pressures Fig. 4 Loss of Refrigerant During Purging at Various Gas Temperatures and Pressures Fig. 4 Loss of Refrigerant During Purging at Various Gas Temperatures and Pressures Fig. 4 Loss of Refrigerant During Purging at Various Gas Temperatures and Pressures Codes and Standards Codes and Standards Design Pressure Design Pressure Operation and Maintenance Operation and Maintenance |
| 602 | Fig. 5 Effect of Fouling on Chiller Performance Fig. 5 Effect of Fouling on Chiller Performance Fig. 5 Effect of Fouling on Chiller Performance Fig. 5 Effect of Fouling on Chiller Performance Air-Cooled Condensers Air-Cooled Condensers Types Types Plate-and-Fin Plate-and-Fin |
| 603 | Integral-Fin Integral-Fin Microchannel Microchannel Fans and Air Requirements Fans and Air Requirements Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop |
| 604 | Fig. 6 Temperature and Enthalpy Changes in Air-Cooled Condenser with R-134a Fig. 6 Temperature and Enthalpy Changes in Air-Cooled Condenser with R-134a Fig. 6 Temperature and Enthalpy Changes in Air-Cooled Condenser with R-134a Fig. 6 Temperature and Enthalpy Changes in Air-Cooled Condenser with R-134a Condensers Remote from Compressor Condensers Remote from Compressor Condensers as Part of Condensing Unit Condensers as Part of Condensing Unit Water-cooled versus Air-Cooled Condensing Water-cooled versus Air-Cooled Condensing |
| 605 | Testing and Rating Testing and Rating Control of Air-Cooled Condensers Control of Air-Cooled Condensers Table 1 Net Refrigeration Effect Factors for Reciprocating Compressors Used with Air-Cooled and Evaporative Condensers Table 1 Net Refrigeration Effect Factors for Reciprocating Compressors Used with Air-Cooled and Evaporative Condensers |
| 606 | Fig. 7 Equal-Sized Condenser Sections Connected in Parallel and for Half-Condenser Operation During Winter Fig. 7 Equal-Sized Condenser Sections Connected in Parallel and for Half-Condenser Operation During Winter Fig. 7 Equal-Sized Condenser Sections Connected in Parallel and for Half-Condenser Operation During Winter Fig. 7 Equal-Sized Condenser Sections Connected in Parallel and for Half-Condenser Operation During Winter Fig. 8 Unit Condensers Installed in Parallel with Combined Fan Cycling and Damper Control Fig. 8 Unit Condensers Installed in Parallel with Combined Fan Cycling and Damper Control Fig. 8 Unit Condensers Installed in Parallel with Combined Fan Cycling and Damper Control Fig. 8 Unit Condensers Installed in Parallel with Combined Fan Cycling and Damper Control |
| 607 | Installation and Maintenance Installation and Maintenance Fig. 9 Air-Cooled Unit Condenser for Winter Heating and Summer Ventilation Fig. 9 Air-Cooled Unit Condenser for Winter Heating and Summer Ventilation Fig. 9 Air-Cooled Unit Condenser for Winter Heating and Summer Ventilation Fig. 9 Air-Cooled Unit Condenser for Winter Heating and Summer Ventilation |
| 608 | Fig. 10 Functional View of Evaporative Condenser Fig. 10 Functional View of Evaporative Condenser Fig. 10 Functional Views of Evaporative Condenser Fig. 10 Functional Views of Evaporative Condenser Evaporative Condensers Evaporative Condensers Heat Transfer Heat Transfer |
| 609 | Fig. 11 Heat Transfer Diagram for Evaporative Condenser Fig. 11 Heat Transfer Diagram for Evaporative Condenser Fig. 11 Heat Transfer Diagram for Evaporative Condenser Fig. 11 Heat Transfer Diagram for Evaporative Condenser Condenser Configuration Condenser Configuration Coils Coils Method of Coil Wetting Method of Coil Wetting Fig. 12 Combined Coil/Fill Evaporative Condenser Fig. 12 Combined Coil/Fill Evaporative Condenser Airflow Airflow |
| 610 | Condenser Location Condenser Location Fig. 13 Evaporative Condenser Arranged for Year-Round Operation Fig. 13 Evaporative Condenser Arranged for Year-Round Operation Fig. 13 Evaporative Condenser Arranged for Year-Round Operation Fig. 13 Evaporative Condenser Arranged for Year-Round Operation Multiple-Condenser Installations Multiple-Condenser Installations Fig. 14 Parallel Operation of Evaporative and Shell-and-Tube Condenser Fig. 14 Parallel Operation of Evaporative and Shell-and-Tube Condenser Fig. 14 Parallel Operation of Evaporative and Shell-and-Tube Condenser Fig. 14 Parallel Operation of Evaporative and Shell-and-Tube Condenser Ratings Ratings |
| 611 | Fig. 15 Parallel Operation of Two Evaporative Condensers Fig. 15 Parallel Operation of Two Evaporative Condensers Fig. 15 Parallel Operation of Two Evaporative Condensers Fig. 15 Parallel Operation of Two Evaporative Condensers Fig. 16 Evaporative Condenser with Desuperheater Coil Fig. 16 Evaporative Condenser with Desuperheater Coil Fig. 16 Evaporative Condenser with Desuperheater Coil Fig. 16 Evaporative Condenser with Desuperheater Coil Desuperheating Coils Desuperheating Coils Refrigerant Liquid Subcoolers Refrigerant Liquid Subcoolers Fig. 17 Evaporative Condenser with Liquid Subcooling Coil Fig. 17 Evaporative Condenser with Liquid Subcooling Coil Fig. 17 Evaporative Condenser with Liquid Subcooling Coil Fig. 17 Evaporative Condenser with Liquid Subcooling Coil Multicircuit Condensers and Coolers Multicircuit Condensers and Coolers |
| 612 | Water Treatment Water Treatment Water Consumption Water Consumption Capacity Modulation Capacity Modulation Purging Purging Maintenance Maintenance Codes and Standards Codes and Standards |
| 613 | Table 2 Typical Maintenance Checklist Table 2 Typical Maintenance Checklist References References |
| 614 | Bibliography Bibliography |
| 615 | I-P_S08_Ch39 I-P_S08_Ch39 Principle of Operation Principle of Operation Fig. 1 Temperature Relationship Between Water and Air in Counterflow Cooling Tower Fig. 1 Temperature Relationship Between Water and Air in Counterflow Cooling Tower |
| 616 | Fig. 2 Psychrometric Analysis of Air Passing Through Cooling Tower Fig. 2 Psychrometric Analysis of Air Passing Through Cooling Tower Fig. 2 Psychrometric Analysis of Air Passing Through Cooling Tower Fig. 2 Psychrometric Analysis of Air Passing Through Cooling Tower Design Conditions Design Conditions Types of Cooling Towers Types of Cooling Towers Fig. 3 Direct-Contact or Open Evaporative Cooling Tower Fig. 3 Direct-Contact or Open Evaporative Cooling Tower Fig. 3 Direct-Contact or Open Evaporative Cooling Tower Fig. 3 Direct-Contact or Open Evaporative Cooling Tower |
| 617 | Fig. 4 Indirect-Contact or Closed-Circuit Evaporative Cooling Tower Fig. 4 Indirect-Contact or Closed-Circuit Evaporative Cooling Tower Fig. 4 Indirect-Contact or Closed-Circuit Evaporative Cooling Tower Fig. 4 Indirect-Contact or Closed-Circuit Evaporative Cooling Tower Fig. 5 Types of Fill Fig. 5 Types of Fill Fig. 5 Types of Fill Fig. 5 Types of Fill Fig. 6 Combined Flow Coil/Fill Evaporative Cooling Tower Fig. 6 Combined Flow Coil/Fill Evaporative Cooling Tower Fig. 6 Combined Flow Coil/Fill Evaporative Cooling Tower Fig. 6 Combined Flow Coil/Fill Evaporative Cooling Tower Types of Direct-Contact Cooling Towers Types of Direct-Contact Cooling Towers |
| 618 | Fig. 7 Vertical Spray Tower Fig. 7 Vertical Spray Tower Fig. 7 Vertical Spray Tower Fig. 7 Vertical Spray Tower Fig. 8 Horizontal Spray Tower Fig. 8 Horizontal Spray Tower Fig. 8 Horizontal Spray Tower Fig. 8 Horizontal Spray Tower Fig. 9 Hyperbolic Tower Fig. 9 Hyperbolic Tower Fig. 9 Hyperbolic Tower Fig. 9 Hyperbolic Tower Fig. 10 Conventional Mechanical-Draft Cooling Towers Fig. 10 Conventional Mechanical-Draft Cooling Towers Fig. 10 Conventional Mechanical-Draft Cooling Towers Fig. 10 Conventional Mechanical-Draft Cooling Towers Fig. 11 Factory-Assembled Counterflow Forced-Draft Tower Fig. 11 Factory-Assembled Counterflow Forced-Draft Tower Fig. 11 Factory-Assembled Counterflow Forced-Draft Tower Fig. 11 Factory-Assembled Counterflow Forced-Draft Tower |
| 619 | Fig. 12 Field-Erected Cross-Flow Mechanical-Draft Tower Fig. 12 Field-Erected Cross-Flow Mechanical-Draft Tower Fig. 12 Field-Erected Cross-Flow Mechanical-Draft Tower Fig. 12 Field-Erected Cross-Flow Mechanical-Draft Tower Other Methods of Direct Heat Rejection Other Methods of Direct Heat Rejection |
| 620 | Fig. 13 Combination Wet-Dry Tower Fig. 13 Combination Wet-Dry Tower Fig. 13 Combination Wet-Dry Tower Fig. 13 Combination Wet-Dry Tower Fig. 14 Adiabatically Saturated Air-Cooled Heat Exchanger Fig. 14 Adiabatically Saturated Air-Cooled Heat Exchanger Fig. 14 Adiabatically Saturated Air-Cooled Heat Exchanger Fig. 14 Adiabatically Saturated Air-Cooled Heat Exchanger Types of Indirect-Contact Towers Types of Indirect-Contact Towers |
| 621 | Fig. 15 Coil Shed Cooling Tower Fig. 15 Coil Shed Cooling Tower Fig. 15 Coil Shed Cooling Tower Fig. 15 Coil Shed Cooling Tower Materials of Construction Materials of Construction Selection Considerations Selection Considerations Application Application Siting Siting |
| 622 | Fig. 16 Discharge Air Reentering Tower Fig. 16 Discharge Air Reentering Tower Fig. 16 Discharge Air Reentering Tower Fig. 16 Discharge Air Reentering Tower Piping Piping Capacity Control Capacity Control Fig. 17 Cooling Tower Fan Power Versus Speed Fig. 17 Cooling Tower Fan Power Versus Speed Fig. 17 Cooling Tower Fan Power Versus Speed Fig. 17 Cooling Tower Fan Power Versus Speed |
| 623 | Fig. 18 Free Cooling by Use of Auxiliary Heat Exchanger Fig. 18 Free Cooling by Use of Auxiliary Heat Exchanger Fig. 18 Free Cooling by Use of Auxiliary Heat Exchanger Fig. 18 Free Cooling by Use of Auxiliary Heat Exchanger Fig. 19 Free Cooling by Use of Refrigerant Vapor Migration Fig. 19 Free Cooling by Use of Refrigerant Vapor Migration Fig. 19 Free Cooling by Use of Refrigerant Vapor Migration Fig. 19 Free Cooling by Use of Refrigerant Vapor Migration Water-Side Economizer (Free Cooling) Water-Side Economizer (Free Cooling) |
| 624 | Fig. 20 Free Cooling by Interconnection of Water Circuits Fig. 20 Free Cooling by Interconnection of Water Circuits Fig. 20 Free Cooling by Interconnection of Water Circuits Fig. 20 Free Cooling by Interconnection of Water Circuits Winter Operation Winter Operation Sound Sound |
| 625 | Drift Drift Fig. 21 Fog Prediction Using Psychrometric Chart Fig. 21 Fog Prediction Using Psychrometric Chart Fig. 21 Fog Prediction Using Psychrometric Chart Fig. 21 Fog Prediction Using Psychrometric Chart Fogging (Cooling Tower Plume) Fogging (Cooling Tower Plume) Maintenance Maintenance Inspections Inspections |
| 626 | Table 1 Typical Inspection and Maintenance Schedule * Table 1 Typical Inspection and Maintenance Schedule * |
| 627 | Water Treatment Water Treatment Performance Curves Performance Curves |
| 628 | Fig. 22 Cooling Tower Performance-100% Design Flow Fig. 22 Cooling Tower Performance-100% Design Flow Fig. 23 Fig. 23 Fig. 24 Fig. 24 Fig. 22 Cooling Tower Performance-100% Design Flow Fig. 22 Cooling Tower Performance-100% Design Flow Fig. 25 Cooling Tower Performance-67% Design Flow Fig. 25 Cooling Tower Performance-67% Design Flow Fig. 23 Cooling Tower Performance-67% Design Flow Fig. 23 Cooling Tower Performance-67% Design Flow Fig. 26 Cooling Tower Performance-133% Design Flow Fig. 26 Cooling Tower Performance-133% Design Flow Fig. 24 Cooling Tower Performance-133% Design Flow Fig. 24 Cooling Tower Performance-133% Design Flow Fig. 27 Cooling Tower Performance-167% Design Flow Fig. 27 Cooling Tower Performance-167% Design Flow Fig. 25 Cooling Tower Performance-167% Design Flow Fig. 25 Cooling Tower Performance-167% Design Flow |
| 629 | Cooling Tower Thermal Performance Cooling Tower Thermal Performance Cooling Tower Theory Cooling Tower Theory Fig. 28 Heat and Mass Transfer Relationships Between Water, Interfacial Film, and Air Fig. 28 Heat and Mass Transfer Relationships Between Water, Interfacial Film, and Air Fig. 26 Heat and Mass Transfer Relationships Between Water, Interfacial Film, and Air Fig. 26 Heat and Mass Transfer Relationships Between Water, Interfacial Film, and Air |
| 630 | Table 2 Counterflow Integration Calculations for Example 1 Table 2 Counterflow Integration Calculations for Example 1 Counterflow Integration Counterflow Integration |
| 631 | Fig. 29 Counterflow Cooling Diagram Fig. 29 Counterflow Cooling Diagram Fig. 27 Counterflow Cooling Diagram Fig. 27 Counterflow Cooling Diagram Fig. 30 Water Temperature and Air Enthalpy Variation Through Cross-Flow Cooling Tower Fig. 30 Water Temperature and Air Enthalpy Variation Through Cross-Flow Cooling Tower Fig. 28 Water Temperature and Air Enthalpy Variation Through Cross-Flow Cooling Tower Fig. 28 Water Temperature and Air Enthalpy Variation Through Cross-Flow Cooling Tower Cross-Flow Integration Cross-Flow Integration Tower Coefficients Tower Coefficients |
| 632 | Fig. 31 Cross-Flow Calculations Fig. 31 Cross-Flow Calculations Fig. 29 Cross-Flow Calculations Fig. 29 Cross-Flow Calculations Fig. 32 Counterflow Cooling Diagram for Constant Conditions, Variable L/G Ratios Fig. 32 Counterflow Cooling Diagram for Constant Conditions, Variable L/G Ratios Fig. 30 Counterflow Cooling Diagram for Constant Conditions, Variable L/G Ratios Fig. 30 Counterflow Cooling Diagram for Constant Conditions, Variable L/G Ratios Fig. 33 Cross-Flow Cooling Diagram Fig. 33 Cross-Flow Cooling Diagram Fig. 31 Cross-Flow Cooling Diagram Fig. 31 Cross-Flow Cooling Diagram Fig. 34 Tower Characteristic, KaV/L Versus L/G Fig. 34 Tower Characteristic, KaV/L Versus L/G Fig. 32 Tower Characteristic, KaV/L Versus L/G Fig. 32 Tower Characteristic, KaV/L Versus L/G |
| 633 | Available Coefficients Available Coefficients Fig. 35 True Versus Apparent Potential Difference Fig. 35 True Versus Apparent Potential Difference Fig. 33 True Versus Apparent Potential Difference Fig. 33 True Versus Apparent Potential Difference Establishing Tower Characteristics Establishing Tower Characteristics Additional Information Additional Information References References |
| 634 | Bibliography Bibliography |
| 635 | I-P_S08_Ch40 I-P_S08_Ch40 Direct Evaporative Air Coolers Direct Evaporative Air Coolers |
| 636 | Random-Media Air Coolers Random-Media Air Coolers Fig. 1 Typical Random-Media Evaporative Cooler Fig. 1 Typical Random-Media Evaporative Cooler Rigid-Media Air Coolers Rigid-Media Air Coolers Fig. 2 Typical Rigid-Media Air Cooler Fig. 2 Typical Rigid-Media Air Cooler Fig. 2 Typical Rigid-Media Air Cooler Fig. 2 Typical Rigid-Media Air Cooler Remote Pad Evaporative Cooling Equipment Remote Pad Evaporative Cooling Equipment Indirect Evaporative Air Coolers Indirect Evaporative Air Coolers Packaged Indirect Evaporative Air Coolers Packaged Indirect Evaporative Air Coolers |
| 637 | Fig. 3 Polymer Indirect Evaporative Cooling (IEC) Heat Exchanger Fig. 3 Polymer Indirect Evaporative Cooling (IEC) Heat Exchanger Fig. 3 Indirect Evaporative Cooling (IEC) Heat Exchanger Fig. 3 Indirect Evaporative Cooling (IEC) Heat Exchanger Fig. 4 Indirect Evaporative Cooler Used as Precooler Fig. 4 Indirect Evaporative Cooler Used as Precooler Fig. 4 Indirect Evaporative Cooler Used as Precooler Fig. 4 Indirect Evaporative Cooler Used as Precooler |
| 638 | Fig. 5 Heat Pipe Indirect Evaporative Cooling (IEC) Heat Exchanger Fig. 5 Heat Pipe Indirect Evaporative Cooling (IEC) Heat Exchanger Fig. 5 Heat Pipe Indirect Evaporative Cooling (IEC) Heat Exchanger Packaged with DX System Fig. 5 Heat Pipe Indirect Evaporative Cooling (IEC) Heat Exchanger Packaged with DX System Heat Recovery Heat Recovery |
| 639 | Cooling Tower/Coil Systems Cooling Tower/Coil Systems Other Indirect Evaporative Cooling Equipment Other Indirect Evaporative Cooling Equipment Indirect/Direct Combinations Indirect/Direct Combinations Fig. 6 Combination Indirect/Direct Evaporative Cooling Process Fig. 6 Combination Indirect/Direct Evaporative Cooling Process Fig. 6 Combination Indirect/Direct Evaporative Cooling Process Fig. 6 Combination Indirect/Direct Evaporative Cooling Process Fig. 7 Indirect/Direct Evaporative Cooler with Heat Exchanger (Rotary Heat Wheel or Heat Pipe) Fig. 7 Indirect/Direct Evaporative Cooler with Heat Exchanger (Rotary Heat Wheel or Heat Pipe) Fig. 7 Indirect/Direct Evaporative Cooler with Heat Exchanger (Rotary Heat Wheel or Heat Pipe) Fig. 7 Indirect/Direct Evaporative Cooler with Heat Exchanger (Rotary Heat Wheel or Heat Pipe) |
| 640 | Fig. 8 Three-Stage Indirect/Direct Evaporative Cooler Fig. 8 Three-Stage Indirect/Direct Evaporative Cooler Fig. 8 Three-Stage Indirect/Direct Evaporative Cooler Fig. 8 Three-Stage Indirect/Direct Evaporative Cooler Precooling and Makeup Air Pretreatment Precooling and Makeup Air Pretreatment Air Washers Air Washers Spray Air Washers Spray Air Washers |
| 641 | Fig. 9 Interaction of Air and Water in Air Washer Heat Exchanger Fig. 9 Interaction of Air and Water in Air Washer Heat Exchanger Fig. 9 Interaction of Air and Water in Air Washer Heat Exchanger Fig. 9 Interaction of Air and Water in Air Washer Heat Exchanger High-Velocity Spray-Type Air Washers High-Velocity Spray-Type Air Washers Humidification/Dehumidification Humidification/Dehumidification Humidification with Air Washers and Rigid Media Humidification with Air Washers and Rigid Media |
| 642 | Dehumidification with Air Washers and Rigid Media Dehumidification with Air Washers and Rigid Media Air Cleaning Air Cleaning Maintenance and Water Treatment Maintenance and Water Treatment |
| 643 | Legionnaires’ Disease Legionnaires’ Disease References References |
| 644 | Bibliography Bibliography |
| 645 | I-P_S08_Ch41 I-P_S08_Ch41 Types of Liquid Coolers Types of Liquid Coolers Direct-Expansion Direct-Expansion Fig. 1 Direct-Expansion Shell-and-Tube Cooler Fig. 1 Direct-Expansion Shell-and-Tube Cooler Fig. 1 Direct-Expansion Shell-and-Tube Cooler Fig. 1 Direct-Expansion Shell-and-Tube Cooler Table 1 Types of Coolers Table 1 Types of Coolers |
| 646 | Flooded Flooded Fig. 2 Flooded Shell-and-Tube Cooler Fig. 2 Flooded Shell-and-Tube Cooler Fig. 2 Flooded Shell-and-Tube Cooler Fig. 2 Flooded Shell-and-Tube Cooler Fig. 3 Flooded Plate Cooler Fig. 3 Flooded Plate Cooler Fig. 3 Flooded Plate Cooler Fig. 3 Flooded Plate Cooler Fig. 4 Baudelot Cooler Fig. 4 Baudelot Cooler Fig. 4 Baudelot Cooler Fig. 4 Baudelot Cooler Baudelot Baudelot |
| 647 | Fig. 5 Shell-and-Coil Cooler Fig. 5 Shell-and-Coil Cooler Fig. 5 Shell-and-Coil Cooler Fig. 5 Shell-and-Coil Cooler Shell-and-Coil Shell-and-Coil Heat Transfer Heat Transfer Heat Transfer Coefficients Heat Transfer Coefficients |
| 648 | Fig. 6 Nucleate Boiling Contribution to Total Refrigerant Heat Transfer Fig. 6 Nucleate Boiling Contribution to Total Refrigerant Heat Transfer Fig. 6 Nucleate Boiling Contribution to Total Refrigerant Heat Transfer Fig. 6 Nucleate Boiling Contribution to Total Refrigerant Heat Transfer Fouling Factors Fouling Factors Wall Resistance Wall Resistance Pressure Drop Pressure Drop Fluid Side Fluid Side Refrigerant Side Refrigerant Side Vessel Design Vessel Design Mechanical Requirements Mechanical Requirements |
| 649 | Chemical Requirements Chemical Requirements Electrical Requirements Electrical Requirements Application Considerations Application Considerations Refrigerant Flow Control Refrigerant Flow Control Freeze Prevention Freeze Prevention |
| 650 | Oil Return Oil Return Maintenance Maintenance Insulation Insulation References References |
| 651 | I-P_S08_Ch42 I-P_S08_Ch42 General Characteristics General Characteristics Principles of Operation Principles of Operation Common Liquid-Chilling Systems Common Liquid-Chilling Systems Basic System Basic System |
| 652 | Fig. 1 Equipment Diagram for Basic Liquid Chiller Fig. 1 Equipment Diagram for Basic Liquid Chiller Fig. 1 Equipment Diagram for Basic Liquid Chiller Fig. 1 Equipment Diagram for Basic Liquid Chiller Multiple-Chiller Systems Multiple-Chiller Systems Fig. 2 Parallel Operation High Design Water Leaving Coolers (Approximately 45°F and Above) Fig. 2 Parallel Operation High Design Water Leaving Coolers (Approximately 45°F and Above) Fig. 2 Parallel-Operation High Design Water Leaving Coolers (Approximately 45°F and Above) Fig. 2 Parallel-Operation High Design Water Leaving Coolers (Approximately 45°F and Above) Fig. 3 Parallel Operation Low Design Water Leaving Coolers (Below Approximately 45ËšF) Fig. 3 Parallel Operation Low Design Water Leaving Coolers (Below Approximately 45ËšF) Fig. 3 Parallel-Operation Low Design Water Leaving Coolers (Below Approximately 45ËšF) Fig. 3 Parallel-Operation Low Design Water Leaving Coolers (Below Approximately 45ËšF) Fig. 4 Series Operation Fig. 4 Series Operation Fig. 4 Series Operation Fig. 4 Series Operation Heat Recovery Systems Heat Recovery Systems |
| 653 | Selection Selection |
| 654 | Fig. 5 Approximate Liquid Chiller Availability Range by Compressor Type Fig. 5 Approximate Liquid Chiller Availability Range by Compressor Type Control Control Liquid Chiller Controls Liquid Chiller Controls Controls That Influence the Liquid Chiller Controls That Influence the Liquid Chiller Safety Controls Safety Controls |
| 655 | Standards and Testing Standards and Testing General Maintenance General Maintenance Continual Monitoring Continual Monitoring Periodic Checks Periodic Checks Regularly Scheduled Maintenance Regularly Scheduled Maintenance Extended Maintenance Checks Extended Maintenance Checks Reciprocating Liquid Chillers Reciprocating Liquid Chillers Equipment Equipment Components and Their Functions Components and Their Functions |
| 656 | Capacities and Types Available Capacities and Types Available Selection of Refrigerant Selection of Refrigerant Performance Characteristics and Operating Problems Performance Characteristics and Operating Problems Fig. 5 Comparison of Single-Stage Centrifugal, Reciprocating, and Screw Compressor Performance Fig. 5 Comparison of Single-Stage Centrifugal, Reciprocating, and Screw Compressor Performance Fig. 6 Comparison of Single-Stage Centrifugal, Reciprocating, and Screw Compressor Performance Fig. 6 Comparison of Single-Stage Centrifugal, Reciprocating, and Screw Compressor Performance Fig. 6 Reciprocating Liquid Chiller Performance with Three Equal Steps of Unloading Fig. 6 Reciprocating Liquid Chiller Performance with Three Equal Steps of Unloading Fig. 7 Reciprocating Liquid Chiller Performance with Three Equal Steps of Unloading Fig. 7 Reciprocating Liquid Chiller Performance with Three Equal Steps of Unloading |
| 657 | Method of Selection Method of Selection Ratings Ratings Power Consumption Power Consumption Fouling Fouling Control Considerations Control Considerations Fig. 7 Reciprocating Liquid Chiller Control System Fig. 7 Reciprocating Liquid Chiller Control System Fig. 8 Reciprocating Liquid Chiller Control System Fig. 8 Reciprocating Liquid Chiller Control System Special Applications Special Applications |
| 658 | Centrifugal Liquid Chillers Centrifugal Liquid Chillers Equipment Equipment Components and Their Function Components and Their Function Capacities and Types Available Capacities and Types Available Selection of Refrigerant Selection of Refrigerant |
| 659 | Performance and Operating Characteristics Performance and Operating Characteristics Fig. 8 Typical Centrifugal Compressor Performance at Constant Speed Fig. 8 Typical Centrifugal Compressor Performance at Constant Speed Fig. 9 Typical Centrifugal Compressor Performance at Constant Speed Fig. 9 Typical Centrifugal Compressor Performance at Constant Speed |
| 660 | Fig. 9 Typical Centrifugal Compressor Performance at Various Speeds Fig. 9 Typical Centrifugal Compressor Performance at Various Speeds Fig. 10 Typical Variable-Speed Centrifugal Compressor Performance Fig. 10 Typical Variable-Speed Centrifugal Compressor Performance Fig. 10 Temperature Relations in a Typical Centrifugal Liquid Chiller Fig. 10 Temperature Relations in a Typical Centrifugal Liquid Chiller Fig. 11 Temperature Relations in a Typical Centrifugal Liquid Chiller Fig. 11 Temperature Relations in a Typical Centrifugal Liquid Chiller Selection Selection Ratings Ratings |
| 661 | Fouling Fouling Noise and Vibration Noise and Vibration Control Considerations Control Considerations Auxiliaries Auxiliaries |
| 662 | Special Applications Special Applications Free Cooling Free Cooling Air-Cooled System Air-Cooled System Other Coolants Other Coolants Vapor Condensing Vapor Condensing Operation and Maintenance Operation and Maintenance |
| 663 | Screw Liquid Chillers Screw Liquid Chillers Equipment Equipment Components and Their Function Components and Their Function Fig. 11 Refrigeration System Schematic Fig. 11 Refrigeration System Schematic Fig. 12 Refrigeration System Schematic Fig. 12 Refrigeration System Schematic Capacities and Types Available Capacities and Types Available |
| 664 | Selection of Refrigerant Selection of Refrigerant Performance and Operating Characteristics Performance and Operating Characteristics Selection Selection Ratings Ratings Fig. 12 Typical Screw Compressor Chiller Part-Load Power Consumption Fig. 12 Typical Screw Compressor Chiller Part-Load Power Consumption Fig. 13 Typical Screw Compressor Chiller Part-Load Power Consumption Fig. 13 Typical Screw Compressor Chiller Part-Load Power Consumption Power Consumption Power Consumption Fouling Fouling Control Considerations Control Considerations |
| 665 | Fig. 13 Typical External Connections for Screw Compressor Chiller Fig. 13 Typical External Connections for Screw Compressor Chiller Fig. 14 Typical External Connections for Screw Compressor Chiller Fig. 14 Typical External Connections for Screw Compressor Chiller Auxiliaries Auxiliaries Special Applications Special Applications Maintenance Maintenance |
| 666 | References References Bibliography Bibliography Online Resource Online Resource |
| 667 | I-P_S08_Ch43 I-P_S08_Ch43 Construction Features Construction Features Fig. 1 Cross Section of Typical Overhung-Impeller End-Suction Pump Fig. 1 Cross Section of Typical Overhung-Impeller End-Suction Pump |
| 668 | Pump Operation Pump Operation Fig. 2 Impeller and Volute Interaction Fig. 2 Impeller and Volute Interaction Fig. 2 Impeller and Volute Interaction Fig. 2 Impeller and Volute Interaction Pump Types Pump Types Circulator Pump Circulator Pump Fig. 3 Circulator Pump (Pipe-Mounted) Fig. 3 Circulator Pump (Pipe-Mounted) Fig. 3 Circulator Pump (Pipe-Mounted) Fig. 3 Circulator Pump (Pipe-Mounted) Close-Coupled, Single-Stage, End-Suction Pump Close-Coupled, Single-Stage, End-Suction Pump Fig. 4 Close-Coupled End-Suction Pump Fig. 4 Close-Coupled End-Suction Pump Fig. 4 Close-Coupled End-Suction Pump Fig. 4 Close-Coupled End-Suction Pump Fig. 5 Frame-Mounted End-Suction Pump on Base Plate Fig. 5 Frame-Mounted End-Suction Pump on Base Plate Fig. 5 Frame-Mounted End-Suction Pump on Base Plate Fig. 5 Frame-Mounted End-Suction Pump on Base Plate Frame-Mounted, End-Suction Pump on Base Plate Frame-Mounted, End-Suction Pump on Base Plate |
| 669 | Base-Mounted, Horizontal (Axial) or Vertical, Split-Case, Single-Stage, Double-Suction Pump Base-Mounted, Horizontal (Axial) or Vertical, Split-Case, Single-Stage, Double-Suction Pump Fig. 6 Base-Mounted, Horizontal (Axial), Split-Case, Single-Stage, Double-Suction Pump Fig. 6 Base-Mounted, Horizontal (Axial), Split-Case, Single-Stage, Double-Suction Pump Fig. 6 Base-Mounted, Horizontal (Axial), Split-Case, Single- Stage, Double-Suction Pump Fig. 6 Base-Mounted, Horizontal (Axial), Split-Case, Single- Stage, Double-Suction Pump Base-Mounted, Horizontal, Split-Case, Multistage Pump Base-Mounted, Horizontal, Split-Case, Multistage Pump Vertical In-Line Pump Vertical In-Line Pump Fig. 7 Base-Mounted, Vertical, Split-Case, Single-Stage, Double-Suction Pump Fig. 7 Base-Mounted, Vertical, Split-Case, Single-Stage, Double-Suction Pump Fig. 7 Base-Mounted, Vertical, Split-Case, Single-Stage, Double-Suction Pump Fig. 7 Base-Mounted, Vertical, Split-Case, Single-Stage, Double-Suction Pump Fig. 8 Base-Mounted, Horizontal, Split-Case, Multistage Pump Fig. 8 Base-Mounted, Horizontal, Split-Case, Multistage Pump Fig. 8 Base-Mounted, Horizontal, Split-Case, Multistage Pump Fig. 8 Base-Mounted, Horizontal, Split-Case, Multistage Pump Vertical Turbine, Single- or Multistage, Sump-Mounted Pump Vertical Turbine, Single- or Multistage, Sump-Mounted Pump Fig. 9 Vertical In-Line Pump Fig. 9 Vertical In-Line Pump Fig. 9 Vertical In-Line Pump Fig. 9 Vertical In-Line Pump Fig. 10 Vertical Turbine Pumps Fig. 10 Vertical Turbine Pumps Fig. 10 Vertical Turbine Pumps Fig. 10 Vertical Turbine Pumps Pump Performance Curves Pump Performance Curves |
| 670 | Fig. 11 Typical Pump Performance Curve Fig. 11 Typical Pump Performance Curve Fig. 11 Typical Pump Performance Curve Fig. 11 Typical Pump Performance Curve Fig. 12 Typical Pump Curve Fig. 12 Typical Pump Curve Fig. 12 Typical Pump Curve Fig. 12 Typical Pump Curve Fig. 13 Flat Versus Steep Performance Curves Fig. 13 Flat Versus Steep Performance Curves Fig. 13 Flat Versus Steep Performance Curves Fig. 13 Flat Versus Steep Performance Curves Fig. 14 Typical Pump Manufacturer’s Performance Curve Series Fig. 14 Typical Pump Manufacturer’s Performance Curve Series Fig. 14 Typical Pump Manufacturer’s Performance Curve Series Fig. 14 Typical Pump Manufacturer’s Performance Curve Series Hydronic System Curves Hydronic System Curves |
| 671 | Fig. 15 Typical System Curve Fig. 15 Typical System Curve Fig. 15 Typical System Curve Fig. 15 Typical System Curve Fig. 16 Typical System Curve with Independent Head Fig. 16 Typical System Curve with Independent Head Fig. 16 Typical System Curve with Independent Head Fig. 16 Typical System Curve with Independent Head Pump and Hydronic System Curves Pump and Hydronic System Curves Fig. 17 System and Pump Curves Fig. 17 System and Pump Curves Fig. 17 System and Pump Curves Fig. 17 System and Pump Curves Fig. 18 System Curve Change due to Part-Load Flow Fig. 18 System Curve Change due to Part-Load Flow Fig. 18 System Curve Change due to Part-Load Flow Fig. 18 System Curve Change due to Part-Load Flow Fig. 19 Pump Operating Points Fig. 19 Pump Operating Points Fig. 19 Pump Operating Points Fig. 19 Pump Operating Points |
| 672 | Fig. 20 System Curve with System Static Pressure Fig. 20 System Curve with System Static Pressure Fig. 20 System Curve, Constant and Variable Head Loss Fig. 20 System Curve, Constant and Variable Head Loss Pump Power Pump Power Fig. 21 Typical Pump Water Power Increase with Flow Fig. 21 Typical Pump Water Power Increase with Flow Fig. 21 Typical Pump Water Power Increase with Flow Fig. 21 Typical Pump Water Power Increase with Flow Pump Efficiency Pump Efficiency |
| 673 | Fig. 22 Pump Efficiency Versus Flow Fig. 22 Pump Efficiency Versus Flow Fig. 22 Pump Efficiency Versus Flow Fig. 22 Pump Efficiency Versus Flow Fig. 23 Pump Efficiency Curves Fig. 23 Pump Efficiency Curves Fig. 23 Pump Efficiency Curves Fig. 23 Pump Efficiency Curves Affinity Laws Affinity Laws Table 1 Pump Affinity Laws Table 1 Pump Affinity Laws Fig. 24 Pump Best Efficiency Curves Fig. 24 Pump Best Efficiency Curves Fig. 24 Pump Best Efficiency Curves Fig. 24 Pump Best Efficiency Curves |
| 674 | Fig. 25 Pumping Power, Head, and Flow Versus Pump Speed Fig. 25 Pumping Power, Head, and Flow Versus Pump Speed Fig. 25 Pumping Power, Head, and Flow Versus Pump Speed Fig. 25 Pumping Power, Head, and Flow Versus Pump Speed Fig. 26 Example Application of Affinity Law Fig. 26 Example Application of Affinity Law Fig. 26 Example Application of Affinity Law Fig. 26 Example Application of Affinity Law Fig. 27 Variable-Speed Pump Operating Points Fig. 27 Variable-Speed Pump Operating Points Fig. 27 Variable-Speed Pump Operating Points Fig. 27 Variable-Speed Pump Operating Points Radial Thrust Radial Thrust Net Positive Suction Characteristics Net Positive Suction Characteristics |
| 675 | Fig. 28 Radial Thrust Versus Pumping Rate Fig. 28 Radial Thrust Versus Pumping Rate Fig. 28 Radial Thrust Versus Pumping Rate Fig. 28 Radial Thrust Versus Pumping Rate Fig. 29 Net Positive Suction Head Available Fig. 29 Net Positive Suction Head Available Fig. 29 Net Positive Suction Head Available Fig. 29 Net Positive Suction Head Available Fig. 30 Pump Performance and NPSHR Curves Fig. 30 Pump Performance and NPSHR Curves Fig. 30 Pump Performance and NPSHR Curves Fig. 30 Pump Performance and NPSHR Curves Selection of Pumps Selection of Pumps |
| 676 | Fig. 31 Pump Selection Regions Fig. 31 Pump Selection Regions Fig. 31 Pump Selection Regions Fig. 31 Pump Selection Regions Arrangement of Pumps Arrangement of Pumps Fig. 32 Pump Curve Construction for Parallel Operation Fig. 32 Pump Curve Construction for Parallel Operation Fig. 32 Pump Curve Construction for Parallel Operation Fig. 32 Pump Curve Construction for Parallel Operation Parallel Pumping Parallel Pumping Fig. 33 Operating Conditions for Parallel Operation Fig. 33 Operating Conditions for Parallel Operation Fig. 33 Operating Conditions for Parallel Operation Fig. 33 Operating Conditions for Parallel Operation Fig. 34 Construction of Curve for Dissimilar Parallel Pumps Fig. 34 Construction of Curve for Dissimilar Parallel Pumps Fig. 34 Construction of Curve for Dissimilar Parallel Pumps Fig. 34 Construction of Curve for Dissimilar Parallel Pumps Series Pumping Series Pumping |
| 677 | Fig. 35 Typical Piping for Parallel Pumps Fig. 35 Typical Piping for Parallel Pumps Fig. 35 Typical Piping for Parallel Pumps Fig. 35 Typical Piping for Parallel Pumps Standby Pump Standby Pump Pumps with Two-Speed Motors Pumps with Two-Speed Motors Fig. 36 Pump Curve Construction for Series Operation Fig. 36 Pump Curve Construction for Series Operation Fig. 36 Pump Curve Construction for Series Operation Fig. 36 Pump Curve Construction for Series Operation Fig. 37 Operating Conditions for Series Operation Fig. 37 Operating Conditions for Series Operation Fig. 37 Operating Conditions for Series Operation Fig. 37 Operating Conditions for Series Operation Fig. 38 Typical Piping for Series Pumps Fig. 38 Typical Piping for Series Pumps Fig. 38 Typical Piping for Series Pumps Fig. 38 Typical Piping for Series Pumps Primary-Secondary Pumping Primary-Secondary Pumping |
| 678 | Fig. 39 Example of Two Parallel Pumps with Two-Speed Motors Fig. 39 Example of Two Parallel Pumps with Two-Speed Motors Fig. 39 Example of Two Parallel Pumps with Two-Speed Motors Fig. 39 Example of Two Parallel Pumps with Two-Speed Motors Fig. 40 Primary-Secondary Pumping Fig. 40 Primary-Secondary Pumping Fig. 40 Primary-Secondary Pumping Fig. 40 Primary-Secondary Pumping Fig. 41 Variable-Speed Source-Distributed Pumping Fig. 41 Variable-Speed Source-Distributed Pumping Fig. 41 Variable-Speed Source-Distributed Pumping Fig. 41 Variable-Speed Source-Distributed Pumping Variable-Speed Pumping Variable-Speed Pumping Distributed Pumping Distributed Pumping Fig. 42 Variable-Speed Distributed Pumping Fig. 42 Variable-Speed Distributed Pumping Fig. 42 Variable-Speed Distributed Pumping Fig. 42 Variable-Speed Distributed Pumping Fig. 43 Efficiency Comparison of Four-Pole Motors Fig. 43 Efficiency Comparison of Four-Pole Motors Fig. 43 Efficiency Comparison of Four-Pole Motors Fig. 43 Efficiency Comparison of Four-Pole Motors Motive Power Motive Power |
| 679 | Fig. 44 Typical Efficiency Range of Variable-Speed Drives Fig. 44 Typical Efficiency Range of Variable-Speed Drives Fig. 44 Typical Efficiency Range of Variable-Speed Drives Fig. 44 Typical Efficiency Range of Variable-Speed Drives Energy Conservation in Pumping Energy Conservation in Pumping Installation, Operation, and Commissioning Installation, Operation, and Commissioning Fig. 45 Base Plate-Mounted Centrifugal Pump Installation Fig. 45 Base Plate-Mounted Centrifugal Pump Installation Fig. 45 Base Plate-Mounted Centrifugal Pump Installation Fig. 45 Base Plate-Mounted Centrifugal Pump Installation Fig. 46 In-Line Pump Installation Fig. 46 In-Line Pump Installation Fig. 46 In-Line Pump Installation Fig. 46 In-Line Pump Installation |
| 680 | Table 2 Pumping System Noise Analysis Guide Table 2 Pumping System Noise Analysis Guide Table 3 Pumping System Flow Analysis Guide Table 3 Pumping System Flow Analysis Guide Troubleshooting Troubleshooting References References |
| 681 | Bibliography Bibliography |
| 682 | I-P_S08_Ch44 I-P_S08_Ch44 Motors Motors Alternating-Current Power Supply Alternating-Current Power Supply Table 1 Motor and Motor Control Equipment Voltages (Alternating Current) Table 1 Motor and Motor Control Equipment Voltages (Alternating Current) |
| 683 | Table 2 Effect of Voltage and Frequency Variation on Induction Motor Characteristics Table 2 Effect of Voltage and Frequency Variation on Induction Motor Characteristics Codes and Standards Codes and Standards Motor Efficiency Motor Efficiency |
| 684 | Fig. 1 Typical Performance Characteristics of Capacitor- Start/Induction-Run Two-Pole General-Purpose Motor, 1 hp Fig. 1 Typical Performance Characteristics of Capacitor- Start/Induction-Run Two-Pole General-Purpose Motor, 1 hp Fig. 1 Typical Performance Characteristics of Capacitor- Start/Induction-Run Two-Pole General-Purpose Motor, 1 hp Fig. 1 Typical Performance Characteristics of Capacitor- Start/Induction-Run Two-Pole General-Purpose Motor, 1 hp Fig. 2 Typical Performance Characteristics of Resistance- Start Split-Phase Two-Pole Hermetic Motor, 0.25 hp Fig. 2 Typical Performance Characteristics of Resistance- Start Split-Phase Two-Pole Hermetic Motor, 0.25 hp Fig. 2 Typical Performance Characteristics of Resistance- Start Split-Phase Two-Pole Hermetic Motor, 0.25 hp Fig. 2 Typical Performance Characteristics of Resistance- Start Split-Phase Two-Pole Hermetic Motor, 0.25 hp Fig. 3 Typical Performance Characteristics of Permanent Split-Capacitor Two-Pole Motor, 1 hp Fig. 3 Typical Performance Characteristics of Permanent Split-Capacitor Two-Pole Motor, 1 hp Fig. 3 Typical Performance Characteristics of Permanent Split-Capacitor Two-Pole Motor, 1 hp Fig. 3 Typical Performance Characteristics of Permanent Split-Capacitor Two-Pole Motor, 1 hp |
| 685 | Fig. 4 Typical Performance Characteristics of Three-Phase Two-Pole Motor, 5 hp Fig. 4 Typical Performance Characteristics of Three-Phase Two-Pole Motor, 5 hp Fig. 4 Typical Performance Characteristics of Three-Phase Two-Pole Motor, 5 hp Fig. 4 Typical Performance Characteristics of Three-Phase Two-Pole Motor, 5 hp General-Purpose Induction Motors General-Purpose Induction Motors Table 3 Motor Types Table 3 Motor Types Application Application Hermetic Motors Hermetic Motors |
| 686 | Table 4 Characteristics of AC Motors (Nonhermetic) Table 4 Characteristics of AC Motors (Nonhermetic) Application Application Integral Thermal Protection Integral Thermal Protection |
| 687 | Motor Protection and Control Motor Protection and Control Separate Motor Protection Separate Motor Protection Protection of Control Apparatus and Branch Circuit Conductors Protection of Control Apparatus and Branch Circuit Conductors |
| 688 | Three-Phase Motor-Starting and Control Methods Three-Phase Motor-Starting and Control Methods Direct-Current Motor-Starting and Control Methods Direct-Current Motor-Starting and Control Methods Single-Phase Motor-Starting Methods Single-Phase Motor-Starting Methods |
| 689 | Air Volume Control Air Volume Control Fig. 5 Typical Fan Duty Cycle for VAV System Fig. 5 Typical Fan Duty Cycle for VAV System Fig. 5 Typical Fan Duty Cycle for VAV System Fig. 5 Typical Fan Duty Cycle for VAV System Fig. 6 Outlet Damper Control Fig. 6 Outlet Damper Control Fig. 6 Outlet Damper Control Fig. 6 Outlet Damper Control |
| 690 | Fig. 7 Variable Inlet Vane Control Fig. 7 Variable Inlet Vane Control Fig. 7 Variable Inlet Vane Control Fig. 7 Variable Inlet Vane Control Fig. 8 Eddy Current Coupling Control Fig. 8 Eddy Current Coupling Control Fig. 8 Eddy Current Coupling Control Fig. 8 Eddy Current Coupling Control Variable-Speed Drives (VSD) Variable-Speed Drives (VSD) Fig. 9 AC Drive Control Fig. 9 AC Drive Control Fig. 9 AC Drive Control Fig. 9 AC Drive Control |
| 691 | Table 5 Comparison of VAV Energy Consumption with Various Volume Control Techniques Table 5 Comparison of VAV Energy Consumption with Various Volume Control Techniques Power Transistor Characteristics Power Transistor Characteristics Fig. 10 Bipolar Versus IGBT PWM Switching Fig. 10 Bipolar Versus IGBT PWM Switching Fig. 10 Bipolar Versus IGBT PWM Switching Fig. 10 Bipolar Versus IGBT PWM Switching Motor and Conductor Impedance Motor and Conductor Impedance Fig. 11 Motor and Drive Relative Impedance Fig. 11 Motor and Drive Relative Impedance Fig. 11 Motor and Drive Relative Impedance Fig. 11 Motor and Drive Relative Impedance Motor Ratings and NEMA Standards Motor Ratings and NEMA Standards |
| 692 | Fig. 12 Switching Times, Cable Distance, and Pulse Peak Voltage Fig. 12 Switching Times, Cable Distance, and Pulse Peak Voltage Fig. 12 Typical Switching Times, Cable Distance, and Pulse Peak Voltage Fig. 12 Typical Switching Times, Cable Distance, and Pulse Peak Voltage Fig. 13 Reflected Wave Voltage Levels at Drive and Motor Insulation Fig. 13 Reflected Wave Voltage Levels at Drive and Motor Insulation Fig. 13 Typical Reflected Wave Voltage Levels at Drive and Motor Insulation Fig. 13 Typical Reflected Wave Voltage Levels at Drive and Motor Insulation Fig. 14 Motor Voltage Peak and dv/dt Limits Fig. 14 Motor Voltage Peak and dv/dt Limits Fig. 14 Motor Voltage Peak and dv/dt Limits Fig. 14 Motor Voltage Peak and dv/dt Limits Fig. 15 Damaging Reflected Waves above Motor CIV Levels Fig. 15 Damaging Reflected Waves above Motor CIV Levels Fig. 15 Damaging Reflected Waves above Motor CIV Levels Fig. 15 Damaging Reflected Waves above Motor CIV Levels Motor Noise and Drive Carrier Frequencies Motor Noise and Drive Carrier Frequencies |
| 693 | Fig. 16 Motor Audible Noise Fig. 16 Motor Audible Noise Fig. 16 Motor Audible Noise Fig. 16 Motor Audible Noise Carrier Frequencies and Drive Ratings Carrier Frequencies and Drive Ratings Power Distribution System Effects Power Distribution System Effects Fig. 17 Voltage Waveform Distortion by Pulse Width Modulated VSD Fig. 17 Voltage Waveform Distortion by Pulse Width Modulated VSD Fig. 17 Voltage Waveform Distortion by Pulse-Width- Modulated VSD Fig. 17 Voltage Waveform Distortion by Pulse-Width- Modulated VSD VSDs and Harmonics VSDs and Harmonics |
| 694 | Fig. 18 Basic Elements of Solid-State Drive Fig. 18 Basic Elements of Solid-State Drive Fig. 18 Basic Elements of Solid-State Drive Fig. 18 Basic Elements of Solid-State Drive |
| 695 | References References Bibliography Bibliography |
| 696 | I-P_S08_Ch45 I-P_S08_Ch45 Pipe Pipe Steel Pipe Steel Pipe Copper Tube Copper Tube Table 1 Allowable Stressesa for Pipe and Tube Table 1 Allowable Stressesa for Pipe and Tube |
| 697 | Ductile Iron and Cast Iron Ductile Iron and Cast Iron Fittings Fittings Joining Methods Joining Methods Threading Threading Soldering and Brazing Soldering and Brazing Flared and Compression Joints Flared and Compression Joints |
| 698 | Table 2 Steel Pipe Data Table 2 Steel Pipe Data |
| 699 | Table 3 Copper Tube Data Table 3 Copper Tube Data |
| 700 | Table 4 Internal Working Pressure for Copper Tube Joints Table 4 Internal Working Pressure for Copper Tube Joints Flanges Flanges Welding Welding Reinforced Outlet Fittings Reinforced Outlet Fittings Other Joints Other Joints Unions Unions |
| 701 | Special Systems Special Systems Selection of Materials Selection of Materials Table 5 Application of Pipe, Fittings, and Valves for Heating and Air Conditioning Table 5 Application of Pipe, Fittings, and Valves for Heating and Air Conditioning |
| 702 | Table 6 Suggested Hanger Spacing and Rod Size for Straight Horizontal Runs Table 6 Suggested Hanger Spacing and Rod Size for Straight Horizontal Runs Pipe Wall Thickness Pipe Wall Thickness Stress Calculations Stress Calculations Plastic Piping Plastic Piping |
| 703 | Allowable Stress Allowable Stress Plastic Material Selection Plastic Material Selection Pipe-Supporting Elements Pipe-Supporting Elements |
| 704 | Table 7 Properties of Plastic Pipe Materialsa Table 7 Properties of Plastic Pipe Materialsa |
| 705 | Table 8 Manufacturers’ Recommendationsa,b for Plastic Materials Table 8 Manufacturers’ Recommendationsa,b for Plastic Materials Table 9 Capacities of ASTM A36 Steel Threaded Rods Table 9 Capacities of ASTM A36 Steel Threaded Rods Pipe Expansion and Flexibility Pipe Expansion and Flexibility Table 10 Thermal Expansion of Metal Pipe Table 10 Thermal Expansion of Metal Pipe Pipe Bends and Loops Pipe Bends and Loops |
| 706 | L Bends L Bends Fig. 1 Guided Cantilever Beam Fig. 1 Guided Cantilever Beam Fig. 2 Z Bend in Pipe Fig. 2 Z Bend in Pipe Fig. 2 Z Bend in Pipe Fig. 2 Z Bend in Pipe Z Bends Z Bends U Bends and Pipe Loops U Bends and Pipe Loops |
| 707 | Table 11 Pipe Loop Design for A53 Grade B Carbon Steel Pipe Through 400ËšF Table 11 Pipe Loop Design for A53 Grade B Carbon Steel Pipe Through 400ËšF Cold Springing of Pipe Cold Springing of Pipe Analyzing Existing Piping Configurations Analyzing Existing Piping Configurations Fig. 3 Multiplane Pipe System Fig. 3 Multiplane Pipe System Fig. 3 Multiplane Pipe System Fig. 3 Multiplane Pipe System Expansion Joints and Expansion Compensating Devices Expansion Joints and Expansion Compensating Devices |
| 708 | Packed Expansion Joints Packed Expansion Joints Fig. 4 Packed Slip Expansion Joint Fig. 4 Packed Slip Expansion Joint Fig. 4 Packed Slip Expansion Joint Fig. 4 Packed Slip Expansion Joint Fig. 5 Flexible Ball Joint Fig. 5 Flexible Ball Joint Fig. 5 Flexible Ball Joint Fig. 5 Flexible Ball Joint Packless Expansion Joints Packless Expansion Joints |
| 709 | References References Bibliography Bibliography |
| 710 | I-P_S08_Ch46 I-P_S08_Ch46 Fundamentals Fundamentals Fig. 1 Valve Components Fig. 1 Valve Components Fig. 1 Valve Components Fig. 1 Valve Components Body Ratings Body Ratings Materials Materials |
| 711 | Flow Coefficient and Pressure Drop Flow Coefficient and Pressure Drop Fig. 2 Flow Coefficient Test Arrangement Fig. 2 Flow Coefficient Test Arrangement Fig. 2 Flow Coefficient Test Arrangement Fig. 2 Flow Coefficient Test Arrangement Cavitation Cavitation Fig. 3 Valve Cavitation Progress at Sharp Curves Fig. 3 Valve Cavitation Progress at Sharp Curves Fig. 3 Valve Cavitation at Sharp Curves Fig. 3 Valve Cavitation at Sharp Curves Water Hammer Water Hammer Noise Noise Body Styles Body Styles |
| 712 | Manual Valves Manual Valves Selection Selection Globe Valves Globe Valves Fig. 4 Globe Valve Fig. 4 Globe Valve Fig. 4 Globe Valve Fig. 4 Globe Valve Gate Valves Gate Valves Fig. 5 Globe Valve Fig. 5 Globe Valve Fig. 5 Two Variations of Gate Valve Fig. 5 Two Variations of Gate Valve Plug Valves Plug Valves Ball Valves Ball Valves |
| 713 | Fig. 6 Plug Valve Fig. 6 Plug Valve Fig. 6 Plug Valve Fig. 6 Plug Valve Fig. 7 Ball Valve Fig. 7 Ball Valve Fig. 7 Ball Valve Fig. 7 Ball Valve Butterfly Valves Butterfly Valves Fig. 8 Butterfly Valve Fig. 8 Butterfly Valve Fig. 8 Butterfly Valve Fig. 8 Butterfly Valve Pinch Valves Pinch Valves Automatic Valves Automatic Valves Actuators Actuators |
| 714 | Pneumatic Actuators Pneumatic Actuators Fig. 9 Two-Way, Direct-Acting Control Valve with Pneumatic Actuator and Positioner Fig. 9 Two-Way, Direct-Acting Control Valve with Pneumatic Actuator and Positioner Fig. 9 Two-Way, Direct-Acting Control Valve with Pneumatic Actuator and Positioner Fig. 9 Two-Way, Direct-Acting Control Valve with Pneumatic Actuator and Positioner Electric Actuators Electric Actuators Fig. 10 Two-Way Control Valve with Electric Actuator Fig. 10 Two-Way Control Valve with Electric Actuator Fig. 10 Two-Way Control Valve with Electric Actuator Fig. 10 Two-Way Control Valve with Electric Actuator Electrohydraulic Actuators Electrohydraulic Actuators |
| 715 | Solenoids Solenoids Fig. 11 Electric Solenoid Valve Fig. 11 Electric Solenoid Valve Fig. 11 Electric Solenoid Valve Fig. 11 Electric Solenoid Valve Thermostatic Radiator Valves Thermostatic Radiator Valves Fig. 12 Thermostatic Valves Fig. 12 Thermostatic Valves Fig. 12 Thermostatic Valves Fig. 12 Thermostatic Valves Control of Automatic Valves Control of Automatic Valves Two-Way Valves (Single- and Double-Seated) Two-Way Valves (Single- and Double-Seated) Three-Way Valves Three-Way Valves Special-Purpose Valves Special-Purpose Valves Ball Valves Ball Valves |
| 716 | Fig. 13 Typical Three-Way Control HVAC Applications Fig. 13 Typical Three-Way Control HVAC Applications Fig. 13 Typical Three-Way Control Applications Fig. 13 Typical Three-Way Control Applications Fig. 14 Float Valve and Cutoff Steam Boiler Application Fig. 14 Float Valve and Cutoff Steam Boiler Application Fig. 14 Float Valve and Cutoff Steam Boiler Application Fig. 14 Float Valve and Cutoff Steam Boiler Application Butterfly Valves Butterfly Valves Fig. 15 Butterfly Valves-Diverting Tee Application Fig. 15 Butterfly Valves-Diverting Tee Application Fig. 15 Butterfly Valves, Diverting Tee Application Fig. 15 Butterfly Valves, Diverting Tee Application Fig. 16 Control Valve Flow Characteristics Fig. 16 Control Valve Flow Characteristics Fig. 16 Control Valve Flow Characteristics Fig. 16 Control Valve Flow Characteristics Control Valve Flow Characteristics Control Valve Flow Characteristics |
| 717 | Control Valve Sizing Control Valve Sizing Fig. 17 Heat Output, Flow, and Stem Travel Characteristics of Equal Percentage Valve Fig. 17 Heat Output, Flow, and Stem Travel Characteristics of Equal Percentage Valve Fig. 17 Heat Output, Flow, and Stem Travel Characteristics of Equal Percentage Valve Fig. 17 Heat Output, Flow, and Stem Travel Characteristics of Equal Percentage Valve Fig. 18 Authority Distortion of Linear Flow Characteristics Fig. 18 Authority Distortion of Linear Flow Characteristics Fig. 18 Authority Distortion of Linear Flow Characteristics Fig. 18 Authority Distortion of Linear Flow Characteristics Fig. 19 Authority Distortion of Equal Percentage Flow Characteristic Fig. 19 Authority Distortion of Equal Percentage Flow Characteristic Fig. 19 Authority Distortion of Equal-Percentage Flow Characteristic Fig. 19 Authority Distortion of Equal-Percentage Flow Characteristic |
| 718 | Applications Applications Balancing Valves Balancing Valves Manual Balancing Valves Manual Balancing Valves |
| 719 | Fig. 20 Manual Balancing Valve Fig. 20 Manual Balancing Valve Fig. 20 Manual Balancing Valve Fig. 20 Manual Balancing Valve Automatic Flow-Limiting Valves Automatic Flow-Limiting Valves Fig. 21 Automatic Flow-Limiting Valve Fig. 21 Automatic Flow-Limiting Valve Fig. 21 Automatic Flow-Limiting Valve Fig. 21 Automatic Flow-Limiting Valve Fig. 22 Automatic Flow-Limiting Valve Curve Fig. 22 Automatic Flow-Limiting Valve Curve Fig. 22 Automatic Flow-Limiting Valve Curve Fig. 22 Automatic Flow-Limiting Valve Curve Balancing Valve Selection Balancing Valve Selection Multiple-Purpose Valves Multiple-Purpose Valves Fig. 23 Typical Multiple-Purpose Valve (Straight Pattern) on Discharge of Pump Fig. 23 Typical Multiple-Purpose Valve (Straight Pattern) on Discharge of Pump Fig. 23 Typical Multiple-Purpose Valve (Straight Pattern) on Discharge of Pump Fig. 23 Typical Multiple-Purpose Valve (Straight Pattern) on Discharge of Pump Safety Devices Safety Devices |
| 720 | Fig. 24 Typical Multiple-Purpose Valve (Angle Pattern) on Discharge of Pump Fig. 24 Typical Multiple-Purpose Valve (Angle Pattern) on Discharge of Pump Fig. 24 Typical Multiple-Purpose Valve (Angle Pattern) on Discharge of Pump Fig. 24 Typical Multiple-Purpose Valve (Angle Pattern) on Discharge of Pump Fig. 25 Safety/Relief Valve with Drip-Pan Elbow Fig. 25 Safety/Relief Valve with Drip-Pan Elbow Fig. 25 Safety/Relief Valve with Drip-Pan Elbow Fig. 25 Safety/Relief Valve with Drip-Pan Elbow Fig. 26 Self-Operated Temperature Control Valve Fig. 26 Self-Operated Temperature Control Valve Fig. 26 Self-Operated Temperature Control Valve Fig. 26 Self-Operated Temperature Control Valve Self-Contained Temperature Control Valves Self-Contained Temperature Control Valves |
| 721 | Fig. 27 Pilot-Operated Steam Valve Fig. 27 Pilot-Operated Steam Valve Fig. 27 Pilot-Operated Steam Valve Fig. 27 Pilot-Operated Steam Valve Pressure-Reducing Valves Pressure-Reducing Valves Makeup Water Valves Makeup Water Valves Check Valves Check Valves Fig. 28 Swing Check Valves Fig. 28 Swing Check Valves Fig. 28 Swing Check Valves Fig. 28 Swing Check Valves |
| 722 | Stop-Check Valves Stop-Check Valves Backflow Prevention Devices Backflow Prevention Devices Fig. 29 Backflow Prevention Valve Fig. 29 Backflow Prevention Valve Fig. 29 Backflow Prevention Valve Fig. 29 Backflow Prevention Valve Selection Selection Installation Installation Steam Traps Steam Traps References References Bibliography Bibliography |
| 724 | I-P_S08_Ch47 I-P_S08_Ch47 Fundamentals Fundamentals Fig. 1 Temperature Distribution in Counterflow Heat Exchanger Fig. 1 Temperature Distribution in Counterflow Heat Exchanger Types of Heat Exchangers Types of Heat Exchangers |
| 725 | Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers Fig. 2 Counterflow Path in Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger Fig. 2 Counterflow Path in Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger Fig. 2 Counterflow Path in Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger Fig. 2 Counterflow Path in Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger Fig. 3 U-Tube Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger with Removable Bundle Assembly and Cast “K” Pattern Flanged Head Fig. 3 U-Tube Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger with Removable Bundle Assembly and Cast “K” Pattern Flanged Head Fig. 3 U-Tube Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger with Removable Bundle Assembly and Cast K-Pattern Flanged Head Fig. 3 U-Tube Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger with Removable Bundle Assembly and Cast K-Pattern Flanged Head Fig. 4 U-Tube Tank Heater with Removable Bundle Assembly and Cast Bonnet Head Fig. 4 U-Tube Tank Heater with Removable Bundle Assembly and Cast Bonnet Head Fig. 4 U-Tube Tank Heater with Removable Bundle Assembly and Cast Bonnet Head Fig. 4 U-Tube Tank Heater with Removable Bundle Assembly and Cast Bonnet Head Fig. 5 U-Tube Tank Suction Heater with Removable Bundle Assembly and Cast Flanged Head Fig. 5 U-Tube Tank Suction Heater with Removable Bundle Assembly and Cast Flanged Head Fig. 5 U-Tube Tank Suction Heater with Removable Bundle Assembly and Cast Flanged Head Fig. 5 U-Tube Tank Suction Heater with Removable Bundle Assembly and Cast Flanged Head Fig. 6 Straight-Tube Fixed Tubesheet Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger with Fabricated Bonnet Heads and Split-Shell Flow Design Fig. 6 Straight-Tube Fixed Tubesheet Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger with Fabricated Bonnet Heads and Split-Shell Flow Design Fig. 6 Straight-Tube Fixed Tubesheet Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger with Fabricated Bonnet Heads and Split-Shell Flow Design Fig. 6 Straight-Tube Fixed Tubesheet Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger with Fabricated Bonnet Heads and Split-Shell Flow Design Fig. 7 Straight-Tube Floating Tubesheet Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger with Removable Bundle Assembly and Fabricated Channel Heads Fig. 7 Straight-Tube Floating Tubesheet Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger with Removable Bundle Assembly and Fabricated Channel Heads Fig. 7 Straight-Tube Floating Tubesheet Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger with Removable Bundle Assembly and Fabricated Channel Heads Fig. 7 Straight-Tube Floating Tubesheet Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger with Removable Bundle Assembly and Fabricated Channel Heads |
| 726 | Plate Heat Exchangers Plate Heat Exchangers Fig. 8 Flow Path of Gasketed Plate Heat Exchanger Fig. 8 Flow Path of Gasketed Plate Heat Exchanger Fig. 8 Flow Path of Gasketed Plate Heat Exchanger Fig. 8 Flow Path of Gasketed Plate Heat Exchanger Fig. 9 Flow Path of Welded Plate Heat Exchanger Fig. 9 Flow Path of Welded Plate Heat Exchanger Fig. 9 Flow Path of Welded Plate Heat Exchanger Fig. 9 Flow Path of Welded Plate Heat Exchanger Double-Wall Heat Exchangers Double-Wall Heat Exchangers Fig. 10 Brazed-Plate Heat Exchanger Fig. 10 Brazed-Plate Heat Exchanger Fig. 10 Brazed-Plate Heat Exchanger Fig. 10 Brazed-Plate Heat Exchanger |
| 727 | Fig. 11 Double-Wall U-Tube Heat Exchanger Fig. 11 Double-Wall U-Tube Heat Exchanger Fig. 11 Double-Wall U-Tube Heat Exchanger Fig. 11 Double-Wall U-Tube Heat Exchanger Fig. 12 Double-Wall Plate Heat Exchanger Fig. 12 Double-Wall Plate Heat Exchanger Fig. 12 Double-Wall Plate Heat Exchanger Fig. 12 Double-Wall Plate Heat Exchanger Components Components Shell-and-Tube Components Shell-and-Tube Components Fig. 13 Exploded View of Straight-Tube Heat Exchanger Fig. 13 Exploded View of Straight-Tube Heat Exchanger Fig. 13 Exploded View of Straight-Tube Heat Exchanger Fig. 13 Exploded View of Straight-Tube Heat Exchanger Plate Components Plate Components Fig. 14 Components of a Gasketed Plate Heat Exchanger Fig. 14 Components of a Gasketed Plate Heat Exchanger Fig. 14 Components of a Gasketed Plate Heat Exchanger Fig. 14 Components of a Gasketed Plate Heat Exchanger |
| 728 | Application Application Selection Criteria Selection Criteria Thermal/Mechanical Design Thermal/Mechanical Design Cost Cost Serviceability Serviceability Space Requirements Space Requirements |
| 729 | Steam Steam Installation Installation |
| 730 | I-P_S08_Ch48 I-P_S08_Ch48 General Design Considerations General Design Considerations User Requirements User Requirements Application Requirements Application Requirements Fig. 1 Typical Rooftop Air-Cooled Single-Package Air Conditioner (Multizone) Fig. 1 Typical Rooftop Air-Cooled Single-Package Air Conditioner (Multizone) Fig. 2 Single-Package Air Equipment with Variable Air Volume Fig. 2 Single-Package Air Equipment with Variable Air Volume Fig. 2 Single-Package Air Equipment with Variable Air Volume Fig. 2 Single-Package Air Equipment with Variable Air Volume |
| 731 | Installation Installation Service Service Sustainability Sustainability Types of Unitary Equipment Types of Unitary Equipment |
| 732 | Table 1 ARI Standard 210/240 Classification of Unitary Air Conditioners Table 1 ARI Standard 210/240 Classification of Unitary Air Conditioners Table 2 ARI Standard 210/240 Classification of Air-Source Unitary Heat Pumps Table 2 ARI Standard 210/240 Classification of Air-Source Unitary Heat Pumps |
| 733 | Combined Space-Conditioning/Water-Heating Systems Combined Space-Conditioning/Water-Heating Systems Typical Unitary Equipment Typical Unitary Equipment Fig. 3 Water-Cooled Single-Package Air Conditioner Fig. 3 Water-Cooled Single-Package Air Conditioner Fig. 3 Water-Cooled Single-Package Air Conditioner Fig. 3 Water-Cooled Single-Package Air Conditioner Fig. 4 Rooftop Installation of Air-Cooled Single-Package Unit Fig. 4 Rooftop Installation of Air-Cooled Single-Package Unit Fig. 4 Rooftop Installation of Air-Cooled Single-Package Unit Fig. 4 Rooftop Installation of Air-Cooled Single-Package Unit |
| 734 | Fig. 5 Multistory Rooftop Installation of Single-Package Unit Fig. 5 Multistory Rooftop Installation of Single-Package Unit Fig. 5 Multistory Rooftop Installation of Single-Package Unit Fig. 5 Multistory Rooftop Installation of Single-Package Unit Fig. 6 Through-the-Wall Installation of Air-Cooled Single-Package Unit Fig. 6 Through-the-Wall Installation of Air-Cooled Single-Package Unit Fig. 6 Through-the-Wall Installation of Air-Cooled Single-Package Unit Fig. 6 Through-the-Wall Installation of Air-Cooled Single-Package Unit Fig. 7 Residential Installation of Split-System Air-Cooled Condensing Unit with Coil and Upflow Furnace Fig. 7 Residential Installation of Split-System Air-Cooled Condensing Unit with Coil and Upflow Furnace Fig. 7 Residential Installation of Split-System Air-Cooled Condensing Unit with Coil and Upflow Furnace Fig. 7 Residential Installation of Split-System Air-Cooled Condensing Unit with Coil and Upflow Furnace Fig. 8 Outdoor Installations of Split-System Air-Cooled Condensing Units with Coil and Upflow Furnace or with Indoor Blower-Coils Fig. 8 Outdoor Installations of Split-System Air-Cooled Condensing Units with Coil and Upflow Furnace or with Indoor Blower-Coils Fig. 8 Outdoor Installations of Split-System Air-Cooled Condensing Units with Coil and Upflow Furnace or with Indoor Blower-Coils Fig. 8 Outdoor Installations of Split-System Air-Cooled Condensing Units with Coil and Upflow Furnace or with Indoor Blower-Coils Equipment and System Standards Equipment and System Standards Energy Conservation and Efficiency Energy Conservation and Efficiency Fig. 9 Outdoor Installation of Split-System Air-Cooled Condensing Unit with Indoor Coil and Downflow Furnace Fig. 9 Outdoor Installation of Split-System Air-Cooled Condensing Unit with Indoor Coil and Downflow Furnace Fig. 9 Outdoor Installation of Split-System Air-Cooled Condensing Unit with Indoor Coil and Downflow Furnace Fig. 9 Outdoor Installation of Split-System Air-Cooled Condensing Unit with Indoor Coil and Downflow Furnace |
| 735 | ARI Certification Programs ARI Certification Programs Safety Standards and Installation Codes Safety Standards and Installation Codes Air Conditioners Air Conditioners Refrigerant Circuit Design Refrigerant Circuit Design |
| 736 | Air-Handling Systems Air-Handling Systems Electrical Design Electrical Design |
| 737 | Mechanical Design Mechanical Design Accessories Accessories Heating Heating Air-Source Heat Pumps Air-Source Heat Pumps Fig. 10 Typical Schematic of Air-to-Air Heat Pump System Fig. 10 Typical Schematic of Air-to-Air Heat Pump System Fig. 10 Schematic Typical of Air-to-Air Heat Pump System Fig. 10 Schematic Typical of Air-to-Air Heat Pump System |
| 738 | Add-On Heat Pumps Add-On Heat Pumps Fig. 11 Operating Characteristics of Single-Stage Unmodulated Heat Pump Fig. 11 Operating Characteristics of Single-Stage Unmodulated Heat Pump Fig. 11 Operating Characteristics of Single-Stage Unmodulated Heat Pump Fig. 11 Operating Characteristics of Single-Stage Unmodulated Heat Pump Selection Selection Refrigerant Circuit and Components Refrigerant Circuit and Components |
| 739 | System Control and Installation System Control and Installation Water-Source Heat Pumps Water-Source Heat Pumps Fig. 12 Schematic of a Typical Water-Source Heat Pump System Fig. 12 Schematic of a Typical Water-Source Heat Pump System Fig. 12 Schematic of Typical Water-Source Heat Pump System Fig. 12 Schematic of Typical Water-Source Heat Pump System Systems Systems |
| 740 | Fig. 13 Typical Horizontal Water-Source Heat Pump Fig. 13 Typical Horizontal Water-Source Heat Pump Fig. 13 Typical Horizontal Water-Source Heat Pump Fig. 13 Typical Horizontal Water-Source Heat Pump Fig. 14 Typical Vertical Water-Source Heat Pump Fig. 14 Typical Vertical Water-Source Heat Pump Fig. 14 Typical Vertical Water-Source Heat Pump Fig. 14 Typical Vertical Water-Source Heat Pump Fig. 15 Water-Source Heat Pump Systems Fig. 15 Water-Source Heat Pump Systems Fig. 15 Water-Source Heat Pump Systems Fig. 15 Water-Source Heat Pump Systems |
| 741 | Performance Certification Programs Performance Certification Programs Equipment Design Equipment Design Table 3 Space Requirements for Typical Packaged Water-Source Heat Pumps Table 3 Space Requirements for Typical Packaged Water-Source Heat Pumps |
| 742 | Variable-Refrigerant-Flow Heat Pumps Variable-Refrigerant-Flow Heat Pumps Application Application Categories Categories Refrigerant Circuit and Components Refrigerant Circuit and Components Heating and Defrost Operation Heating and Defrost Operation References References |
| 743 | Bibliography Bibliography |
| 744 | I-P_S08_Ch49 I-P_S08_Ch49 Room Air Conditioners Room Air Conditioners Fig. 1 Schematic View of Typical Room Air Conditioner Fig. 1 Schematic View of Typical Room Air Conditioner Fig. 1 Schematic View of Typical Room Air Conditioner Fig. 1 Schematic View of Typical Room Air Conditioner Sizes and Classifications Sizes and Classifications Design Design |
| 745 | Compressors Compressors Evaporator and Condenser Coils Evaporator and Condenser Coils Restrictor Application and Sizing Restrictor Application and Sizing Fan Motor and Air Impeller Selection Fan Motor and Air Impeller Selection Electronics Electronics Performance Data Performance Data Efficiency Efficiency Sensible Heat Ratio Sensible Heat Ratio |
| 746 | Energy Conservation and Efficiency Energy Conservation and Efficiency Table 1 NAECA Minimum Efficiency Standards for Room Air Conditioners Table 1 NAECA Minimum Efficiency Standards for Room Air Conditioners Table 2 Room Air Conditioners ENERGY STAR Criteria Table 2 Room Air Conditioners ENERGY STAR Criteria High-Efficiency Design High-Efficiency Design Special Features Special Features |
| 747 | Safety Codes and Standards Safety Codes and Standards Product Standards Product Standards Installation and Service Installation and Service |
| 748 | Packaged Terminal Air Conditioners Packaged Terminal Air Conditioners Sizes and Classifications Sizes and Classifications Fig. 2 Sectional Packaged Terminal Air Conditioner Fig. 2 Sectional Packaged Terminal Air Conditioner Fig. 2 Sectional Packaged Terminal Air Conditioner Fig. 2 Sectional Packaged Terminal Air Conditioner Fig. 3 Integrated Packaged Terminal Air Conditioner Fig. 3 Integrated Packaged Terminal Air Conditioner Fig. 3 Integrated Packaged Terminal Air Conditioner Fig. 3 Integrated Packaged Terminal Air Conditioner General Design Considerations General Design Considerations |
| 749 | Design of PTAC/PTHP Components Design of PTAC/PTHP Components |
| 750 | Heat Pump Operation Heat Pump Operation Performance and Safety Testing Performance and Safety Testing References References Bibliography Bibliography |
| 751 | I-P_S08_Ch50 I-P_S08_Ch50 Terminology Terminology |
| 752 | Classification of Systems Classification of Systems Storage Media Storage Media |
| 753 | Basic Thermal Storage Concepts Basic Thermal Storage Concepts Benefits of Thermal Storage Benefits of Thermal Storage Design Considerations Design Considerations |
| 754 | Sensible Thermal Storage Technology Sensible Thermal Storage Technology Sensible Energy Storage Sensible Energy Storage Temperature Range and Storage Size Temperature Range and Storage Size Techniques for Thermal Separation in Sensible Storage Devices Techniques for Thermal Separation in Sensible Storage Devices Fig. 1 Typical Two-Ring Octagonal Slotted Pipe Diffuser Fig. 1 Typical Two-Ring Octagonal Slotted Pipe Diffuser Fig. 1 Typical Two-Ring Octagonal Slotted Pipe Diffuser Fig. 1 Typical Two-Ring Octagonal Slotted Pipe Diffuser |
| 755 | Fig. 2 Typical Temperature Stratification Profile in Storage Tank Fig. 2 Typical Temperature Stratification Profile in Storage Tank Fig. 2 Typical Temperature Stratification Profile in Storage Tank Fig. 2 Typical Temperature Stratification Profile in Storage Tank Performance of Chilled-Water Storage Systems Performance of Chilled-Water Storage Systems Fig. 3 Typical Chilled-Water Storage Profiles Fig. 3 Typical Chilled-Water Storage Profiles Fig. 3 Typical Chilled-Water Storage Profiles Fig. 3 Typical Chilled-Water Storage Profiles Design of Stratification Diffusers Design of Stratification Diffusers Fig. 4 Radial Disk Diffuser Fig. 4 Radial Disk Diffuser Fig. 4 Radial Disk Diffuser Fig. 4 Radial Disk Diffuser Table 1 Chilled-Water Density Table Table 1 Chilled-Water Density Table |
| 756 | Storage Tank Insulation Storage Tank Insulation Other Factors Other Factors Chilled-Water Storage Tanks Chilled-Water Storage Tanks Low-Temperature Fluid Sensible Energy Storage Low-Temperature Fluid Sensible Energy Storage Storage in Aquifers Storage in Aquifers |
| 757 | Latent Cool Storage Technology Latent Cool Storage Technology Water as Phase-Change Thermal Storage Medium Water as Phase-Change Thermal Storage Medium Internal Melt Ice-On-Coil Internal Melt Ice-On-Coil |
| 758 | Fig. 5 Charge and Discharge of Internal-Melt Ice Storage Fig. 5 Charge and Discharge of Internal-Melt Ice Storage Fig. 5 Charge and Discharge of Internal-Melt Ice Storage Fig. 5 Charge and Discharge of Internal-Melt Ice Storage External-Melt Ice-On-Coil External-Melt Ice-On-Coil Fig. 6 Charge and Discharge of External-Melt Ice Storage Fig. 6 Charge and Discharge of External-Melt Ice Storage Fig. 6 Charge and Discharge of External-Melt Ice Storage Fig. 6 Charge and Discharge of External-Melt Ice Storage |
| 759 | Encapsulated Ice Encapsulated Ice Fig. 7 Encapsulated Ice: Spherical Container Fig. 7 Encapsulated Ice: Spherical Container Fig. 7 Encapsulated Ice: Spherical Container Fig. 7 Encapsulated Ice: Spherical Container Ice Harvesters Ice Harvesters |
| 760 | Fig. 8 Ice-Harvesting Schematic Fig. 8 Ice-Harvesting Schematic Fig. 8 Ice-Harvesting Schematic Fig. 8 Ice-Harvesting Schematic Ice Slurry Systems Ice Slurry Systems |
| 761 | Other Phase-Change Materials Other Phase-Change Materials Heat Storage Technology Heat Storage Technology Sizing Heat Storage Systems Sizing Heat Storage Systems Fig. 9 Representative Sizing Factor Selection Graph for Residential Storage Heaters Fig. 9 Representative Sizing Factor Selection Graph for Residential Storage Heaters Fig. 9 Representative Sizing Factor Selection Graph for Residential Storage Heaters Fig. 9 Representative Sizing Factor Selection Graph for Residential Storage Heaters Service Water Heating Service Water Heating |
| 762 | Brick Storage (ETS) Heaters Brick Storage (ETS) Heaters Fig. 10 Typical Storage Heater Performance Characteristics Fig. 10 Typical Storage Heater Performance Characteristics Fig. 10 Typical Storage Heater Performance Characteristics Fig. 10 Typical Storage Heater Performance Characteristics Fig. 11 Room Storage Heater Fig. 11 Room Storage Heater Fig. 11 Room Storage Heater Fig. 11 Room Storage Heater Fig. 12 Room Storage Heater Dynamic Discharge and Charge Curves Fig. 12 Room Storage Heater Dynamic Discharge and Charge Curves Fig. 13 Fig. 13 Fig. 12 Room Storage Heater Dynamic Discharge and Charge Curves Fig. 12 Room Storage Heater Dynamic Discharge and Charge Curves |
| 763 | Fig. 14 Static Discharge from Room Storage Heater Fig. 14 Static Discharge from Room Storage Heater Fig. 13 Static Discharge from Room Storage Heater Fig. 13 Static Discharge from Room Storage Heater Pressurized Water Storage Heaters Pressurized Water Storage Heaters Fig. 15 Pressurized Water Heater Fig. 15 Pressurized Water Heater Fig. 14 Pressurized Water Heater Fig. 14 Pressurized Water Heater |
| 764 | Underfloor Heat Storage Underfloor Heat Storage Fig. 16 Underfloor Heat Storage Fig. 16 Underfloor Heat Storage Fig. 15 Underfloor Heat Storage Fig. 15 Underfloor Heat Storage Building Mass Thermal Storage Building Mass Thermal Storage Fig. 17 Annual Energy Cost Savings from Precooling, Relative to Conventional Controls, as Function of Re Fig. 17 Annual Energy Cost Savings from Precooling, Relative to Conventional Controls, as Function of Re Fig. 16 Annual Energy Cost Savings from Precooling, Relative to Conventional Controls, as Function of Re Fig. 16 Annual Energy Cost Savings from Precooling, Relative to Conventional Controls, as Function of Re Fig. 18 Annual Energy Cost Savings from Precooling, Relative to Conventional Controls, as Function of Rd Fig. 18 Annual Energy Cost Savings from Precooling, Relative to Conventional Controls, as Function of Rd Fig. 17 Annual Energy Cost Savings from Precooling, Relative to Conventional Controls, as Function of Rd Fig. 17 Annual Energy Cost Savings from Precooling, Relative to Conventional Controls, as Function of Rd |
| 765 | Storage Charging and Discharging Storage Charging and Discharging Design Considerations Design Considerations Factors Favoring Thermal Storage Factors Favoring Thermal Storage |
| 766 | Factors Discouraging Thermal Storage Factors Discouraging Thermal Storage Typical Applications Typical Applications |
| 767 | Sizing Cool Storage Systems Sizing Cool Storage Systems Sizing Strategies Sizing Strategies Calculating Load Profiles Calculating Load Profiles |
| 768 | Sizing Equipment Sizing Equipment |
| 769 | Application of Thermal Storage Systems Application of Thermal Storage Systems Chilled-Water Storage Systems Chilled-Water Storage Systems Fig. 19 Typical Sensible Storage Connection Scheme Fig. 19 Typical Sensible Storage Connection Scheme Fig. 18 Typical Sensible Storage Connection Scheme Fig. 18 Typical Sensible Storage Connection Scheme |
| 770 | Fig. 21 Fig. 21 Fig. 19 Direct Transfer Pumping Interface Fig. 19 Direct Transfer Pumping Interface Fig. 22 Charge Mode Status of Direct Transfer Pumping Interface Fig. 22 Charge Mode Status of Direct Transfer Pumping Interface Fig. 20 Charge Mode Status of Direct Transfer Pumping Interface Fig. 20 Charge Mode Status of Direct Transfer Pumping Interface Fig. 23 Indirect Transfer Pumping Interface Fig. 23 Indirect Transfer Pumping Interface Fig. 21 Indirect Transfer Pumping Interface Fig. 21 Indirect Transfer Pumping Interface Fig. 24 Charge Mode Status of Indirect Transfer Pumping Interface Fig. 24 Charge Mode Status of Indirect Transfer Pumping Interface Fig. 22 Charge Mode Status of Indirect Transfer Pumping Interface Fig. 22 Charge Mode Status of Indirect Transfer Pumping Interface |
| 771 | Fig. 25 Primary/Secondary Chilled-Water Plant with Stratified Storage Tank as Decoupler Fig. 25 Primary/Secondary Chilled-Water Plant with Stratified Storage Tank as Decoupler Fig. 23 Primary/Secondary Chilled-Water Plant with Stratified Storage Tank as Decoupler Fig. 23 Primary/Secondary Chilled-Water Plant with Stratified Storage Tank as Decoupler Ice (and PCM) Storage Systems Ice (and PCM) Storage Systems |
| 772 | Fig. 26 Series Flow, Chiller Upstream Fig. 26 Series Flow, Chiller Upstream Fig. 24 Series Flow, Chiller Upstream Fig. 24 Series Flow, Chiller Upstream Fig. 27 Series Flow, Chiller Downstream Fig. 27 Series Flow, Chiller Downstream Fig. 25 Series Flow, Chiller Downstream Fig. 25 Series Flow, Chiller Downstream Fig. 28 Parallel Flow for Chiller and Storage Fig. 28 Parallel Flow for Chiller and Storage Fig. 26 Parallel Flow for Chiller and Storage Fig. 26 Parallel Flow for Chiller and Storage |
| 773 | Operation and Control Operation and Control Operating Modes Operating Modes Table 2 Common Thermal Storage Operating Modes Table 2 Common Thermal Storage Operating Modes |
| 774 | Control Strategies Control Strategies Operating Strategies Operating Strategies |
| 775 | Table 3 Recommended Accuracies of Instrumentation for Measurement of Cool Storage Capacity Table 3 Recommended Accuracies of Instrumentation for Measurement of Cool Storage Capacity Instrumentation Requirements Instrumentation Requirements Other Design Considerations Other Design Considerations Hydronic System Design for Open Systems Hydronic System Design for Open Systems Cold-Air Distribution Cold-Air Distribution |
| 776 | Storage of Heat in Cool Storage Units Storage of Heat in Cool Storage Units System Interface System Interface |
| 777 | Insulation Insulation Cost Considerations Cost Considerations Maintenance Considerations Maintenance Considerations Water Treatment Water Treatment |
| 778 | Commissioning Commissioning Statement of Design Intent Statement of Design Intent |
| 779 | Commissioning Specification Commissioning Specification Required Information Required Information Performance Verification Performance Verification Sample Commissioning Plan Outline for Chilled-Water Plants with Thermal Storage Systems Sample Commissioning Plan Outline for Chilled-Water Plants with Thermal Storage Systems |
| 780 | Good Practices Good Practices References References |
| 782 | Bibliography Bibliography |
| 784 | I-P_S08_Ch51 I-P_S08_Ch51 Selected Codes and Standards Published by Various Societies and Associations Selected Codes and Standards Published by Various Societies and Associations |
| 809 | ORGANIZATIONS ORGANIZATIONS |
