ASME has been defining piping safety since 1922. ASME B31.1 prescribes minimum requirements for the design, materials, fabrication, erection, test, inspection, operation, and maintenance of piping systems typically found in electric power generating stations, industrial and institutional plants, geothermal heating systems, and central and district heating and cooling systems. It also covers boiler-external piping for power boilers and high-temperature, high pressure water boilers in which steam or vapor is generated at a pressure of more than 15 psig; and high temperature water is generated at pressures exceeding 160 psig and/or temperatures exceeding 250 degrees F. Key changes to this revision include: – New and updated figures for Code Jurisdictional Limits on Piping – New Mandatory Appendix on Metallic Bellows Expansion Joints – New Mandatory Appendix on Use of Alternative Ultrasonic Acceptance Criteria – Reference to ASME CA-1, Conformity Assessment Requirements ASME B31.1 is one of ASME’s most requested codes, widely adopted by jurisdictions worldwide. It is prominently referenced in ASME’s Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section I. This Code serves as a companion to ASME’s B31.3 Code on Process Piping as well as to the other codes in ASME’s B31 series. Together, they remain essential references for anyone engaged with piping. Intended for manufacturers, designers, operators and owners of piping systems including, but not limited to, steam, water, oil, gas, and air services, plus all potential governing entities.

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4	CONTENTS
9	FOREWORD
10	ASME B31 COMMITTEE ROSTER
13	INTRODUCTION
16	ASME B31.1-2018 SUMMARY OF CHANGES
19	Figures and Tables Redesignated in ASME B31.1–2018
22	Chapter I Scope and Definitions 100 GENERAL 100.1 Scope
23	100.2 Definitions
24	Figures Figure 100.1.2-1 Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping—An Example of Forced Flow Steam Generators With No Fixed Steam or Waterline
25	Figure 100.1.2-2 Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping — An Example of Steam Separator Type Forced Flow Steam Generators With No Fixed Steam or Waterline
26	Figure 100.1.2-3 Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping — Drum-Type Boilers
27	Figure 100.1.2-4 Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping — Isolable Economizers Located in Feedwater Piping and Isolable Superheaters in Main Steam Piping (Boiler Pressure Relief Valves, Blowoff, and Miscellaneous Piping for Boiler Proper Not Shown for Clarity)
28	Figure 100.1.2-5 Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping — Reheaters and Nonintegral Separately Fired Superheaters
29	Figure 100.1.2-6 Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping — Spray-Type Desuperheater
30	Figure 100.1.2-7 Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping — HRSG — Desuperheater Protection Devices
36	Chapter II Design 101 DESIGN CONDITIONS 101.1 General 101.2 Pressure 101.3 Temperature 101.4 Ambient Influences 101.5 Dynamic Effects
37	101.6 Weight Effects 101.7 Thermal Expansion and Contraction Loads 102 DESIGN CRITERIA 102.1 General 102.2 Pressure–Temperature Ratings for Piping Components
38	102.3 Allowable Stress Values and Other Stress Limits for Piping Components
39	102.4 Allowances
40	Tables Table 102.4.3-1 Longitudinal Weld Joint Efficiency Factors
41	Figure 102.4.5-1 Nomenclature for Pipe Bends Table 102.4.5-1 Bend Thinning Allowance
42	Table 102.4.6-1 Maximum Severity Level for Casting Thickness 41⁄2 in. (114 mm) or Less
43	103 CRITERIA FOR PRESSURE DESIGN OF PIPING COMPONENTS 104 PRESSURE DESIGN OF COMPONENTS 104.1 Straight Pipe Table 102.4.6-2 Maximum Severity Level for Casting Thickness Greater Than 41⁄2 in. (114 mm)
44	Table 102.4.7-1 Weld Strength Reduction Factors to Be Applied When Calculating the Minimum Wall Thickness or Allowable Design Pressure of Components Fabricated With a Longitudinal Seam Fusion Weld
45	104.2 Curved Segments of Pipe 104.3 Intersections
46	Table 104.1.2-1 Values of y
48	Figure 104.3.1-1 Reinforcement of Branch Connections
51	Figure 104.3.1-2 Reinforced Extruded Outlets
53	104.4 Closures
54	104.5 Pressure Design of Flanges and Blanks 104.6 Reducers 104.7 Other Pressure-Containing Components
55	104.8 Analysis of Piping Components Figure 104.5.3-1 Types of Permanent Blanks
57	105 PIPE 105.1 General 105.2 Metallic Pipe 105.3 Nonmetallic Pipe 106 FITTINGS, BENDS, AND INTERSECTIONS 106.1 Fittings Figure 104.8.4-1 Cross Section Resultant Moment Loading
58	106.2 Bends and Intersections 106.3 Pipe Couplings and Unions 106.4 Flexible Metal Hose Assembly 107 VALVES 107.1 General
59	107.2 Marking 107.3 Ends 107.4 Stem Threads 107.5 Bonnet Joints 107.6 Bypasses 107.8 Pressure-Relieving Valves and Devices 108 PIPE FLANGES, BLANKS, FLANGE FACINGS, GASKETS, AND BOLTING 108.1 Flanges 108.2 Blanks
60	108.3 Flange Facings 108.4 Gaskets 108.5 U.S. Customary Bolting 108.6 Metric Bolting 110 PIPING JOINTS 111 WELDED JOINTS 111.1 General
61	111.2 Butt Welds 111.3 Socket Welds 111.4 Fillet Welds 111.5 Seal Welds 112 FLANGED JOINTS 113 EXPANDED OR ROLLED JOINTS 114 THREADED JOINTS 114.1 Threads on Piping Components 114.2 Threaded Joints, Access Holes With Plugs
62	Table 112-1 Piping Flange Bolting, Facing, and Gasket Requirements (Refer to Paras. 108, 110, and 112)
65	114.3 Threaded Pipe Wall 115 FLARED, FLARELESS, AND COMPRESSION JOINTS, AND UNIONS 115.1 Compatibility 115.2 Pressure–Temperature Ratings 115.3 Threads 115.4 Fitting and Gripping 116 BELL END JOINTS 116.1 Elastomeric-Gasket Joints 116.2 Caulked Joints Table 114.2.1-1 Threaded Joints Limitations
66	117 BRAZED AND SOLDERED JOINTS 117.1 Brazed Joints 117.2 Soldered Joints 117.3 Limitations 118 SLEEVE COUPLED AND OTHER PROPRIETARY JOINTS 119 EXPANSION AND FLEXIBILITY 119.1 General 119.2 Displacement Stress Range 119.3 Local Overstrain
67	119.5 Flexibility 119.6 Piping Properties 119.7 Flexibility Analysis
68	119.8 Movements 119.9 Cold Spring 119.10 Reactions
69	120 LOADS ON PIPE-SUPPORTING ELEMENTS 120.1 General 120.2 Supports, Anchors, and Guides
70	121 DESIGN OF PIPE-SUPPORTING ELEMENTS 121.1 General 121.2 Allowable Stress Values 121.3 Temperature Limitations 121.4 Hanger Adjustments 121.5 Hanger Spacing
71	121.6 Springs 121.7 Fixtures Table 121.5-1 Suggested Steel Pipe Support Spacing
72	121.8 Structural Attachments Table 121.7.2-1 Carrying Capacity of Threaded ASTM A36, A575, and A576 Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel
73	121.9 Loads and Supporting Structures 121.10 Requirements for Fabricating Pipe Supports 122 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS PERTAINING TO SPECIFIC PIPING SYSTEMS 122.1 Boiler External Piping; in Accordance With Para. 100.1.2(a) — Steam, Feedwater, Blowoff, and Drain Piping
77	Figure 122.1.7-1 Typical Globe Valves
78	122.2 Blowoff and Blowdown Piping in Nonboiler External Piping 122.3 Instrument, Control, and Sampling Piping
79	Table 122.2-1 Design Pressure for Blowoff/Blowdown Piping Downstream of BEP Valves
81	122.4 Spray-Type Desuperheater Piping for Use on Steam Generators, Main Steam, and Reheat Steam Piping Figure 122.4-1 Desuperheater Schematic Arrangement
82	122.5 Pressure-Reducing Valves 122.6 Pressure Relief Piping
83	122.7 Piping for Flammable or Combustible Liquids 122.8 Piping for Flammable Gases, Toxic Fluids (Gases or Liquids), or Nonflammable Nontoxic Gases
85	Table 122.8.2-1 Minimum Wall Thickness Requirements for Toxic Fluid Piping
86	122.9 Piping for Corrosive Liquids and Gases 122.10 Temporary Piping Systems 122.11 Steam Trap Piping
87	122.12 Exhaust and Pump Suction Piping 122.13 Pump Discharge Piping 122.14 District Heating and Steam Distribution Systems
88	Chapter III Materials 123 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 123.1 Materials and Specifications
89	123.2 Piping Components 123.3 Pipe-Supporting Elements 123.4 Longitudinal-Welded or Spiral-Welded Pipe With Filler Metal Added 124 LIMITATIONS ON MATERIALS 124.1 Temperature Limitations
90	124.2 Steel 124.4 Cast Gray Iron 124.5 Malleable Iron 124.6 Ductile (Nodular) Iron
91	124.7 Nonferrous Metals 124.8 Cladding and Lining Materials 124.9 Nonmetallic Pipe 124.10 Deterioration of Materials in Service 124.11 Gaskets 124.12 Bolting 125 CREEP STRENGTH ENHANCED FERRITIC MATERIALS 125.1 Requirements for ASTM A217, Grade C12A and ASTM A1091, Grade C91 Castings
93	Chapter IV Dimensional Requirements 126 MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS AND STANDARDS FOR STANDARD AND NONSTANDARD PIPING COMPONENTS 126.1 Standard Piping Components 126.2 Nonstandard Piping Components 126.3 Referenced Documents
94	Table 126.1-1 Specifications and Standards
102	Chapter V Fabrication, Assembly, and Erection 127 WELDING 127.1 General 127.2 Material 127.3 Preparation for Welding
103	127.4 Procedure Figure 127.3-1 Butt Welding of Piping Components With Internal Misalignment
104	Figure 127.4.2-1 Welding End Transition — Maximum Envelope
106	Table 127.4.2-1 Reinforcement of Girth and Longitudinal Butt Welds
107	127.5 Qualification Figure 127.4.4-1 Fillet Weld Size
108	Figure 127.4.4-2 Welding Details for Slip-On and Socket-Welding Flanges; Some Acceptable Types of Flange Attachment Welds Figure 127.4.4-3 Minimum Welding Dimensions Required for Socket Welding Components Other Than Flanges Figure 127.4.8-1 Typical Welded Branch Connection Without Additional Reinforcement Figure 127.4.8-2 Typical Welded Branch Connection With Additional Reinforcement
109	127.6 Welding Records 128 BRAZING AND SOLDERING 128.1 General 128.2 Materials Figure 127.4.8-3 Typical Welded Angular Branch Connection Without Additional Reinforcement
110	128.3 Preparation 128.4 Procedure 128.5 Brazing Qualification Figure 127.4.8-4 Some Acceptable Types of Welded Branch Attachment Details Showing Minimum Acceptable Welds
111	Figure 127.4.8-5 Some Acceptable Details for Integrally Reinforced Outlet Fittings
112	Figure 127.4.8-6 Typical Full Penetration Weld Branch Connections for NPS 3 (DN 80) and Smaller Half Couplings or Adapters
113	128.6 Brazing Records 129 BENDING AND FORMING 129.1 Bending 129.2 Forming 129.3 Heat Treatment of Bends and Formed Components Figure 127.4.8-7 Typical Partial Penetration Weld Branch Connection for NPS 2 (DN 50) and Smaller Fittings Table 129.3.1-1 Approximate Lower Critical Temperatures
115	Table 129.3.3.1-1 Post Cold-Forming Strain Limits and Heat-Treatment Requirements for Creep-Strength Enhanced Ferritic Steels
116	130 REQUIREMENTS FOR FABRICATING AND ATTACHING PIPE SUPPORTS 130.1 Pipe Supports 130.2 Alternate Pipe Supports 130.3 Pipe Support Welds 131 WELDING PREHEAT 131.1 Minimum Preheat Requirements 131.2 Different P-Number Materials 131.3 Preheat Temperature Verification 131.4 Preheat Temperature 131.6 Interruption of Welding
117	Table 129.3.4.1-1 Post Cold-Forming Strain Limits and Heat-Treatment Requirements for Austenitic Materials and Nickel Alloys
118	132 POSTWELD HEAT TREATMENT 132.1 Minimum PWHT Requirements Table 131.4.1-1 Preheat Temperatures
119	Table 132.1.1-1 Postweld Heat Treatment
120	132.2 Mandatory PWHT Requirements 132.3 Exemptions to Mandatory PWHT Requirements 132.4 Definition of Thicknesses Controlling PWHT Table 132.1.1-2 Alternate Postweld Heat Treatment Requirements for Carbon and Low Alloy Steels, P-Nos. 1 and 3 Table 132.1.3-1 Postweld Heat Treatment of P36/F36
121	Table 132.2-1 Exemptions to Mandatory Postweld Heat Treatment
123	132.5 PWHT Heating and Cooling Requirements 132.6 Furnace Heating 132.7 Local Heating 133 STAMPING 135 ASSEMBLY 135.1 General 135.2 Alignment
124	135.3 Bolted Flanged Connections 135.4 Packed Joints and Caulked Joints 135.5 Threaded Piping 135.6 Tubing Joints 135.7 Ductile Iron Bell End Piping Figure 135.5.3-1 Typical Threaded Joints Using Straight Threads
125	Chapter VI Inspection, Examination, and Testing 136 INSPECTION AND EXAMINATION 136.1 Inspection 136.2 Inspection and Qualification of Authorized Inspector for Boiler External Piping
126	136.3 Examination 136.4 Examination Methods of Welds
127	Table 136.4.1-1 Mandatory Minimum Nondestructive Examinations for Pressure Welds or Welds to Pressure-Retaining Components
128	Table 136.4.1-2 Weld Imperfections Indicated by Various Types of Examination
129	137 PRESSURE TESTS 137.1 General Requirements
130	137.2 Preparation for Testing 137.3 Requirements for Specific Piping Systems 137.4 Hydrostatic Testing
131	137.5 Pneumatic Testing 137.6 Mass-Spectrometer and Halide Testing 137.7 Initial Service Testing 137.8 Retesting After Repair or Additions
133	Chapter VII Operation and Maintenance 138 GENERAL 139 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES 140 CONDITION ASSESSMENT OF CPS
134	141 CPS RECORDS 141.1 General 141.2 Materials 141.3 Installation, Modification, and Repair Records 141.4 Failure Analysis 141.5 Restoration After Failure
135	142 PIPING AND PIPE-SUPPORT MAINTENANCE PROGRAM AND PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS 142.1 Maintenance Program 142.2 Personnel 144 CPS WALKDOWNS 145 MATERIAL DEGRADATION MECHANISMS 146 DYNAMIC LOADING
136	MANDATORY APPENDICES
137	MANDATORY APPENDIX A ALLOWABLE STRESS TABLES
139	Table A-1 Carbon Steel
151	Table A-2 Low and Intermediate Alloy Steel
163	Table A-3 Stainless Steels
197	Table A-4 Nickel and High Nickel Alloys
211	Table A-5 Cast Iron
215	Table A-6 Copper and Copper Alloys
221	Table A-7 Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys
231	Table A-8 Temperatures 1,200°F and Above
239	Table A-9 Titanium and Titanium Alloys
243	Table A-10 Bolts, Nuts, and Studs
250	MANDATORY APPENDIX B THERMAL EXPANSION DATA
251	Table B-1 Thermal Expansion Data
255	Table B-1 (SI) Thermal Expansion Data
260	MANDATORY APPENDIX C MODULI OF ELASTICITY
261	Table C-1 Moduli of Elasticity for Ferrous Material
262	Table C-1 (SI) Moduli of Elasticity for Ferrous Material
263	Table C-2 Moduli of Elasticity for Nonferrous Material
265	Table C-2 (SI) Moduli of Elasticity for Nonferrous Material
267	MANDATORY APPENDIX D FLEXIBILITY AND STRESS INTENSIFICATION FACTORS
268	Table D-1 Flexibility and Stress Intensification Factors
272	Figure D-1 Branch Connection Dimensions
273	Figure D-2 Flexibility Factor, k, and Stress Intensification Factor, I
274	Figure D-3 Correction Factor, c
275	MANDATORY APPENDIX F REFERENCED STANDARDS
279	MANDATORY APPENDIX G NOMENCLATURE
285	MANDATORY APPENDIX H PREPARATION OF TECHNICAL INQUIRIES H-1 INTRODUCTION H-2 REQUIREMENTS H-3 SUBMITTAL
287	MANDATORY APPENDIX N RULES FOR NONMETALLIC PIPING AND PIPING LINED WITH NONMETALS FOREWORD
288	Chapter N-I Scope and Definitions N-100 GENERAL N-100.1 Scope N-100.2 Definitions and Abbreviations
290	Figure N-100.2.1-1 Winding Angle of Filament-Wound Thermosetting Resin Pipe
291	Chapter N-II Design N-101 DESIGN CONDITIONS N-101.1 General N-101.2 Pressure N-101.3 Temperature N-102 DESIGN CRITERIA N-102.1 General N-102.2 Pressure–Temperature Ratings for Components
292	N-102.3 Allowable Stresses and Other Limits
293	Table N-102.2.1-1 Hydrostatic Design Stresses (HDS) and Recommended Temperature Limits for Thermoplastic Piping Components
294	Table N-102.2.1-2 Design Stresses (DS) and Recommended Temperature Limits for Laminated Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Piping Components
295	Table N-102.2.1-3 Hydrostatic Design Basis (HDB) for Machine-Made Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Pipe N-102.4 Allowances N-103 CRITERIA FOR PRESSURE DESIGN
296	Figure N-102.3.1-1 Typical Allowable Stress Curve for Filament-Wound Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Pipe N-104 PRESSURE DESIGN OF COMPONENTS N-104.1 Straight Pipe
297	N-104.2 Curved and Mitered Segments of Pipe N-104.3 Intersections N-104.4 Closures N-104.5 Pressure Design of Flanges
298	N-104.6 Reducers N-104.7 Design of Other Components N-105 PIPE N-106 FITTINGS N-106.1 Listed Fittings N-106.2 Unlisted Fittings N-107 VALVES N-107.1 Listed Valves N-107.2 Unlisted Valves N-110 GENERAL N-111 BONDED JOINTS N-111.1 General Limitations N-111.2 Specific Limitations
299	N-112 FLANGED JOINTS N-113 EXPANDED OR ROLLED JOINTS N-114 THREADED JOINTS N-114.1 General Limitations N-114.2 Specific Limitations N-115 FLARED LINING JOINTS FOR METALLIC PIPING LINED WITH NONMETALS N-116 BELL END JOINTS N-118 PROPRIETARY JOINTS
300	N-119 EXPANSION AND FLEXIBILITY N-119.1 General Concepts N-119.5 Flexibility N-119.5.1 N-119.5.2 N-119.5.3 N-119.6 Properties for Flexibility Analysis N-119.6.1 Thermal Expansion Data. N-119.6.2 Modulus of Elasticity. N-119.6.3 Poisson’s Ratio. N-119.6.4 Dimensions. N-119.6.5 Metallic Pipe Lined With Nonmetals.
301	Table N-119.6.1-1 Thermal Expansion Coefficients, Nonmetals N-119.7 Analysis N-119.7.1 N-119.7.2 N-119.7.3 N-120 LOADS ON PIPE-SUPPORTING ELEMENTS N-121 DESIGN OF PIPE-SUPPORTING ELEMENTS N-121.1 General
302	Table N-119.6.2-1 Modulus of Elasticity, Nonmetals N-121.11 Thermoplastic and RTR Piping N-121.12 Burial of Thermoplastic and RTR Pipe N-122 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS PERTAINING TO SPECIFIC PIPING SYSTEMS N-122.7 Piping for Flammable or Combustible Liquids
303	N-122.8 Piping for Flammable Gases, Toxic Gases or Liquids, or Nonflammable Nontoxic Gases N-122.9 Piping for Corrosive Liquids and Gases
304	Chapter N-III Materials N-123 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS N-123.1 Materials and Specifications N-124 LIMITATIONS ON MATERIALS N-124.1 Temperature Limitations N-124.9 Installation Limitations for Nonmetallic Piping
305	N-125 MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS: JOINING AND AUXILIARY MATERIALS
306	Chapter N-IV Specifications and Standard Data N-126 MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS AND STANDARDS N-126.1 Standard Piping Components N-126.2 Nonstandard Piping Components N-126.3 Reference Documents
307	Table N-126.1-1 Nonmetallic Material and Product Standards
309	Chapter N-V Fabrication, Assembly, and Erection N-127 BONDING PLASTIC JOINTS N-127.1 General N-127.5 Qualification
310	N-127.6 Qualification Records N-127.7 Thermoplastic Pipe Joints
311	Figure N-127.7.1-1 Solvent-Cemented Joint Figure N-127.7.2-1 Heat Fusion Joints N-127.8 FRP Pipe Joints
312	Figure N-127.7.3-1 Thermoplastic Electrofusion Joints Figure N-127.8.1-1 Thermosetting Resin Joints N-127.9 Welding of Metallic Piping Lined With Nonmetals N-129 BENDING AND FORMING N-129.1 Bending N-129.2 Component Forming N-135 ASSEMBLY AND ERECTION N-135.1 General
313	N-135.3 Bolted Flanged Connections
314	Chapter N-VI Examination, Inspection, and Testing N-136 GENERAL N-136.1 Inspection N-136.3 Examination N-136.4 Examination Methods
315	Table N-136.4.1-1 Acceptance Criteria for Bonds N-137 PRESSURE TESTS
316	MANDATORY APPENDIX O USE OF ALTERNATIVE ULTRASONIC ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA O-1 GENERAL O-2 SCOPE O-3 EQUIPMENT O-4 PERSONNEL O-5 EXAMINATION O-6 DATA RECORDING O-7 DATA ANALYSIS
317	Figure O-8-1 Surface and Subsurface Indications O-8 DISCONTINUITY EVALUATION O-9 DISCONTINUITY ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
318	Table O-9-1 Discontinuity Acceptance Criteria for Weld Thickness Under 1.0 in. (25 mm) Table O-9-2 Surface Discontinuity Acceptance Criteria for Weld Thickness 1.0 in. (25 mm) and Over Table O-9-3 Subsurface Discontinuity Acceptance Criteria for Weld Thickness 1.0 in. (25 mm) and Over
319	MANDATORY APPENDIX P METALLIC BELLOWS EXPANSION JOINTS P-1 GENERAL P-2 PIPING DESIGNER RESPONSIBILITIES P-2.1 Expansion Joint Design Conditions P-2.2 Piping Design Requirements
320	P-3 EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURER RESPONSIBILITIES P-3.1 Expansion Joint Design P-3.2 Expansion-Joint Manufacture
323	NONMANDATORY APPENDICES
324	NONMANDATORY APPENDIX II RULES FOR THE DESIGN OF SAFETY VALVE INSTALLATIONS FOREWORD II-1 SCOPE AND DEFINITION II-1.1 Scope II-1.2 Definitions (Valve Descriptions Follow the Definitions Given in ASME BPVC, Section I)
325	II-2 LOADS II-2.1 Thermal Expansion II-2.2 Pressure
326	Figure II-1.2-1 Safety Valve Installation (Closed Discharge System)
327	Figure II-1.2-2 Safety Valve Installation (Open Discharge System)
328	Figure II-2.2.1-1 Discharge Elbow (Open Discharge Installation) Table II-2.2.1-1 Values of a and b
329	Figure II-2.2.1-2 Compressible Flow Analysis II-2.3 Reaction Forces From Valve Discharge
330	Figure II-2.2.1-3 Vent Pipe (Open Discharge Installation)
331	II-2.4 Other Mechanical Loads
332	II-3 BENDING MOMENT COMPUTATIONS II-3.1 General II-3.2 Thermal Expansion Analysis II-3.3 Deadweight Analysis II-3.4 Earthquake Analysis II-3.5 Analysis for Reaction Forces Due to Valve Discharge
333	II-4 LOADING CRITERIA AND STRESS COMPUTATION II-4.1 Loading Criteria
334	Figure II-3.5.1.3-1 Safety Valve Installation (Open Discharge System) II-4.2 Stress Calculations
335	Figure II-3.5.1.3-2 Dynamic Load Factors for Open Discharge System
336	II-5 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS II-5.1 General II-5.2 Geometry II-5.3 Types of Valves and Installations II-5.4 Installation Branch Connections
337	II-5.5 Water in Installation Piping II-5.6 Discharge Stacks II-5.7 Support Design II-5.8 Silencer Installation II-6 SAMPLE DESIGNS
338	Figure II-6-1 Examples of Safety Valve Installations II-7 SAMPLE PROBLEM (SEE FIGURE II-7-1 AND FIGURE II-7-2) II-7.1 Procedure
339	Figure II-7-1 Sample Problem Figure 1
340	Figure II-7-2 Sample Problem Figure 2
343	Figure II-7.1.9-1 Sample Problem Figure 3
344	NONMANDATORY APPENDIX IV CORROSION CONTROL FOR ASME B31.1 POWER PIPING SYSTEMS FOREWORD IV-1 GENERAL IV-1.1 Recommended Guidance IV-1.2 Protection of All Piping Systems IV-2 EXTERNAL CORROSION CONTROL FOR BURIED OR SUBMERGED PIPELINES IV-2.1 General IV-2.2 Protective Coating
345	IV-2.3 Cathodic Protection System IV-2.4 Electrical Isolation IV-2.5 Electrical Interference IV-3 INTERNAL CORROSION CONTROL IV-3.1 General IV-3.2 Inhibitors IV-3.3 Linings
346	IV-3.4 Precautions at Hydrotesting IV-4 EXTERNAL CORROSION CONTROL FOR PIPING EXPOSED TO THE ATMOSPHERE IV-5 MONITORING OF PIPE WALL THINNING DUE TO EROSION/CORROSION IV-5.1 Definition IV-5.2 Systems and Components Susceptible to Erosion/Corrosion IV-5.3 Methods of Detection IV-5.4 Acceptance Standards
347	Table IV-5.2-1 Erosion/Corrosion Rates IV-5.5 Repair/Replacement Procedures IV-5.6 References
348	NONMANDATORY APPENDIX V RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR OPERATION, MAINTENANCE, AND MODIFICATION OF POWER PIPING SYSTEMS FOREWORD V-1 DEFINITIONS
349	V-2 GENERAL V-2.1 Application V-2.2 Conformance V-2.3 Requirements V-3 OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE PROGRAM V-3.1 General V-3.2 Documentation V-4 REQUIREMENTS OF THE OPERATING, MAINTENANCE, AND MODIFICATION PROCEDURES
350	V-5 PIPING AND PIPE SUPPORT MAINTENANCE PROGRAM AND PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS V-5.1 Maintenance Program V-5.2 Personnel V-6 MATERIAL RESTORATION V-6.1 Material Condition After Failure
351	V-6.2 Inspection Program for Materials With Adverse History V-6.3 Nondestructive Examination V-7 CPS POSITION HISTORY V-7.1 General V-7.2 Visual Survey V-7.3 Piping Position Markers V-7.4 Pipe Supports on CPS
352	V-7.5 CPS Records V-7.6 Recommendations V-8 PIPING CORROSION V-8.1 General
353	Forms Form V-7.5-1 Piping System Support Design Details
354	Form V-7.5-2 Hot Walkdown of Piping System Supports
355	Form V-7.5-3 Cold Walkdown of Piping System Supports
356	V-8.2 Procedures V-8.3 Records V-8.4 Examination of Records V-8.5 Frequency of Examination V-9 PIPING ADDITION TO EXISTING PLANTS V-9.1 Piping Classification V-9.2 Duplicate Components V-9.3 Replacement Piping and Piping Components
357	V-10 PRESSURE RELIEF DEVICES V-10.1 General V-10.2 Inspection, Testing, and Adjustment V-10.3 Operation V-11 DYNAMIC LOADING V-11.1 Water Hammer
358	Figure V-12.1.2-1 Effect of Various Steady Operating Temperatures on Time to Failure Due to Creep V-11.2 Steam Hammer V-12 CREEP V-12.1 General
359	V-12.2 Procedures V-12.3 Records V-12.4 Examination of Records V-12.5 Frequency of Examination V-13 RERATING PIPING SYSTEMS V-13.1 Conditions
360	V-14 REPAIR OF PIPING SYSTEMS V-14.1 Guidance for Repairs
362	NONMANDATORY APPENDIX VII PROCEDURES FOR THE DESIGN OF RESTRAINED UNDERGROUND PIPING FOREWORD VII-1 SCOPE AND DEFINITIONS VII-1.1 Scope VII-1.2 Definitions
363	VII-1.3 Nomenclature VII-2 LOADS VII-2.1 Thermal Expansion VII-2.2 Pressure
364	VII-2.3 Earthquake VII-3 CALCULATIONS VII-3.1 Assembling the Data VII-3.2 Calculations of Intermediate Parameters
365	Table VII-3.2.3-1 Approximate Safe Working Values of CD for Use in Modified Marston Formula VII-3.3 Classification of the Pipe Runs
366	Figure VII-3.3.2-1 Element Category A, Elbow or Bend Figure VII-3.3.2-2 Element Category B, Branch Pipe Joining the P Leg Figure VII-3.3.2-3 Element Category C, Tee on End of P Leg Figure VII-3.3.2-4 Element Category D, Straight Pipe
367	VII-4 COMPUTER MODELING OF BURIED PIPING VII-4.1 Determination of Stresses VII-4.2 Determination of Element Lengths
368	VII-4.3 Determination of Soil Parameters VII-4.4 Pipe With Expansion Joints VII-4.5 Pipe Stresses at Building Penetrations VII-5 ALLOWABLE STRESS IN BURIED PIPE VII-6 EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS VII-6.1 Assemble the Data VII-6.2 Calculate the Intermediate Parameters
369	Figure VII-5-1 Plan of Example Buried Pipe VII-6.3 Classification of Runs
370	Table VII-6.3-1 Equations for Calculating Effective Length L′ or L″ VII-6.4 Computer Modeling
371	Figure VII-6.4.4-1 Computer Model of Example Pipe VII-6.5 Results of Analysis VII-6.6 Anchor Load Example
372	Figure VII-6.6-1 Example Plan of Element 1 as a Category D Element VII-7 REFERENCES
373	NONMANDATORY APPENDIX VIII GUIDELINES FOR DETERMINING IF LOW-TEMPERATURE SERVICE REQUIREMENTS APPLY
374	Table VIII-1 Low-Temperature Service Requirements by Material Group
376	Table VIII-2 Material Groupings by Material Specification

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
ASME	2018	382


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Standard Title	ASME B31.1 – 2018: Power Piping
Published Code	ASME
Publication Date	2018
Pages Count	382

ASME B31.1 2018

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