BS EN 16907-4:2018
$215.11
Earthworks – Soil treatment with lime and/or hydraulic binders
| Published By | Publication Date | Number of Pages |
| BSI | 2018 | 94 |
This European Standard applies to the treatment with binders of natural soils, weak rocks, intermediate rocks, chalk, recycled materials and artificial materials for the execution of earthworks during the construction and maintenance of roads, railways, airfields, platforms, dykes, ponds and any other types of earth structure. It relates only to the treatment in layers, produced for earthworks in situ or from a mixing plant, as opposed to the treatment by columns for example. The standard specifies the requirements for the constituents of the mixtures, the preliminary laboratory testing methodology, the laboratory performance classification, the execution and control. NOTE 1 The informative annexes also give example of good practices for execution and control. The laboratory performance classification specified in this European Standard covers the two types of treatment: improvement and stabilization. For improvement, the classification relates to the short term performance. For stabilization, the classification relates to the medium to long term performance. NOTE 2 FprEN 16907-4 prepared by CEN/TC 396 “Earthworks” is for improvement and stabilization in earthworks applications. EN 14227-15 prepared by CEN/TC 227 “Road materials“ is for stabilization only in pavement applications. NOTE 3 For stabilization, the performance classification specified in FprEN 16907-4 uses generally the same laboratory performance classification specified in EN 14227-15, except for the performance classification diagram according to “Rt and E” specific to pavements in EN 14227-15, which has been replaced in FprEN 16904-4 by a performance classification diagram according to “Rt and E” specific to earthworks (Figure 1).
PDF Catalog
| PDF Pages | PDF Title |
|---|---|
| 2 | undefined |
| 11 | 1 Scope 2 Normative references |
| 13 | 3 Terms and definitions |
| 16 | 4 Symbols and abbreviations |
| 17 | 5 Constituents 5.1 Materials 5.1.1 General 5.1.2 Natural soils and processed aggregates 5.1.3 Low strength, intermediate strength and high strength rocks, and chalk 5.1.4 Recycled materials 5.1.5 Artificial materials 5.2 Binders 5.2.1 Cement |
| 18 | 5.2.2 Fly ash 5.2.3 Slag 5.2.4 Hydraulic road binder 5.2.5 Lime 5.2.6 Blends 5.3 Water 5.4 Other constituents 6 Mixtures 6.1 General 6.2 Proportioning |
| 19 | 7 Laboratory testing methodology 7.1 General 7.2 Identification tests 7.2.1 Identification of the materials to be treated 7.2.2 Identification of the binders 7.3 Feasibility of treatment |
| 20 | 7.4 Workability period 7.5 Characteristics for execution 7.5.1 Improvement 7.5.2 Stabilization |
| 21 | 7.6 Mechanical performance 7.6.1 Curing conditions 7.6.2 Resistance to water 7.6.3 Strength for direct construction trafficking 7.6.3.1 Improvement 7.6.3.2 Stabilization 7.6.4 Resistance to frost 7.6.5 Performance classification testing |
| 22 | 7.6.6 Other performance tests 7.7 Preparation of the specimens 7.7.1 Particle size of the material 7.7.2 Production of the mixtures 7.7.3 Dimensions of the specimens 7.7.4 Compaction procedures |
| 23 | 7.7.5 Curing 7.8 Content of the laboratory studies 7.8.1 General 7.8.2 Identification of the constituents 7.8.3 Improvement 7.8.4 Stabilization 7.8.4.1 General 7.8.4.2 Level 0 |
| 24 | 7.8.4.3 Level 1 7.8.4.4 Level 2 7.9 Laboratory testing report |
| 25 | 8 Performance classification of the mixtures 8.1 General 8.2 Improvement 8.2.1 General |
| 26 | 8.2.2 Immediate bearing index 8.2.3 Moisture condition value 8.2.4 Degree of compaction |
| 27 | 8.2.5 Swelling 8.3 Stabilization 8.3.1 Requirements for the fresh mixture 8.3.1.1 Water content |
| 28 | 8.3.1.2 Degree of pulverization 8.3.1.3 Immediate bearing index |
| 29 | 8.3.1.4 Moisture condition value 8.3.1.5 Workability period 8.3.1.6 Degree of compaction |
| 30 | 8.3.2 Laboratory mechanical performance classification 8.3.2.1 General 8.3.2.2 California bearing ratio |
| 31 | 8.3.2.3 Classification by compressive strength |
| 32 | 8.3.2.4 Classification by tensile strength and modulus of elasticity (Rt, E) |
| 34 | 8.3.3 Resistance to water 8.3.3.1 General |
| 35 | 8.3.3.2 Strength after immersion in water 8.3.3.3 Linear swelling after soaking in water |
| 36 | 8.3.3.4 Volumetric swelling after immersion in water 8.3.4 Strength for direct construction trafficking 8.3.5 Resistance to frost 8.3.6 Other performance 9 Execution and control 9.1 Introduction 9.1.1 General 9.1.2 Prerequisites |
| 37 | 9.2 Preliminary engineering check 9.2.1 General 9.2.2 Site investigation 9.2.3 Sulfide, sulfate, organic matter and other deleterious materials |
| 38 | 9.2.4 Influential parameters 9.2.5 Prior laboratory testing 9.3 Binders 9.4 Soil treatment plant types |
| 39 | 9.5 Soil improvement 9.5.1 General 9.5.2 Materials suitable for improvement 9.5.3 Improvement during excavation 9.5.4 Improvement in fill area 9.5.5 Binder spreading |
| 40 | 9.5.6 In situ mixing 9.5.7 Compaction 9.5.8 Protection of the works 9.5.9 Climatic considerations 9.6 Soil stabilization 9.6.1 General |
| 41 | 9.6.2 Material suitable for stabilization 9.6.3 Soil preparation |
| 42 | 9.6.4 Stabilization processes for capping and embankment 9.6.4.1 General 9.6.4.2 Stabilization during excavation 9.6.4.3 Stabilization in fill area 9.6.4.4 Stabilization at the bottom of a cut 9.6.4.5 Binder spreading |
| 43 | 9.6.4.6 In situ mixing 9.6.4.7 Compaction 9.6.4.8 Subformation and formation protection and general protection of the works |
| 44 | 9.6.5 Other applications 9.6.6 Layer Interface and organization of the work |
| 45 | 9.7 Testing and Compliance 9.7.1 Specification 9.7.2 Compliance tests and records 9.7.2.1 Improvement works |
| 46 | 9.7.2.2 In case of stabilization works |
| 47 | 9.7.3 Completion reports |
| 48 | 9.8 Climatic and practical considerations |
| 49 | Annex A (informative) Production of test specimens for treated materials A.1 Introduction A.2 Sampling A.3 Water content A.4 Maximum size of the particles |
| 50 | A.5 Treatment A.5.1 General |
| 51 | A.5.2 Mixing A.5.3 Treatment in two stages A.6 Mellowing and compaction of the treated material in the specimen mould A.7 Curing and storage A.7.1 General |
| 52 | A.7.2 Curing by prevention of evaporation A.7.3 Curing that permits full soaking A.7.4 Curing consisting of prevention of evaporation followed by soaking A.8 Removing sample from the mould |
| 53 | A.9 Reporting |
| 54 | Annex B (informative) Loading speed for the strength and modulus tests |
| 56 | Annex C (informative) Non destructive seismic test method for mechanical performance C.1 Introduction C.2 Scope C.3 Test apparatus |
| 57 | C.4 Definitions and theoretical approach C.4.1 Natural resonant frequency C.4.2 Damping C.4.3 Damped resonant frequency C.4.4 Shear wave velocity and shear modulus C.4.5 Compression wave velocity and dynamic E-modulus |
| 58 | C.4.6 Poisson’s ratio C.5 Principle of test method C.6 Significance and use |
| 59 | C.7 Measurement C.7.1 Sample preparation C.7.2 Measurement set up |
| 61 | C.8 References |
| 62 | Annex D (informative)Example of evaluation of performance variability of treated soil as a result of variation during implementation Binder percentage adjustment and method for compensating it |
| 64 | Annex E (informative)Examples of age of classification and curing regimes for mechanical performance of treated materials for earthworks |
| 65 | Annex F (informative)Other performance characteristics for treated materials |
| 66 | Annex G (informative)Field and laboratory identifications of common sulfide and sulfate minerals G.1 Field Identification G.1.1 Pyrite (FeS2 – Iron Sulfide) G.1.2 Marcasite (FeS2 – Iron Sulfide) G.1.3 Gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O – Calcium Sulfate) G.2 Laboratory Identification G.2.1 General |
| 67 | G.2.2 Sulfide Minerals G.2.3 Sulfate Minerals G.3 References |
| 68 | Annex H (informative)Soil Treatment Plant Types H.1 General H.2 Binder storage units H.3 Binder spreading units |
| 69 | H.4 Soil preparation plant H.5 In situ mixing plant |
| 71 | H.6 Fixed or semi mobile mixing plants H.6.1 General H.6.2 Inlet hoppers H.6.3 Outlet hopper |
| 72 | H.6.4 Silos H.6.5 Mixer H.6.6 Water tank H.6.7 Conveyors H.6.8 Control and monitoring unit H.6.9 Calibration of the plant |
| 73 | H.7 Water bowsers H.8 Compaction plant |
| 74 | Annex I (informative)Treatment sequence and processes |
| 80 | Annex J (informative)Other applications for stabilized materials J.1 General J.2 Filling in narrow places |
| 81 | J.3 Construction of lower layers in high embankments built with water sensitive soils or evolutive rocks which may be subject to occasional flooding. J.4 Steepened slopes of embankment |
| 82 | J.5 Slope repairs J.6 Reinforced slopes J.7 Foundations J.8 Load transfer platforms |
| 83 | J.9 Water retaining structures J.10 Contaminated soils |
| 84 | Annex K (informative)Site Stabilization checklist |
| 87 | Annex L (informative)Safety considerations L.1 General L.2 Specific protective equipment |
| 88 | Annex M (informative)Climatic and practical considerations M.1 General M.2 Weather M.2.1 General M.2.2 Temperature M.2.3 Rainfall during the execution of the works M.2.4 Wind |
| 89 | M.3 Binder dust emission M.3.1 General M.3.2 Binder storage area M.3.3 Treatment areas M.3.4 Sensitive sites |
| 90 | M.4 Run off and leachate |
| 91 | Annex N (informative)Method and charts to determine the quantity of lime needed to reach a targeted IPI value |
