Shopping Cart

No products in the cart.

BSI PD IEC TS 60034-25:2022 – TC 2023

$280.87

Tracked Changes. Rotating electrical machines – AC electrical machines used in power drive systems. Application guide

Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
BSI 2023 260
Guaranteed Safe Checkout
Categories: ,

If you have any questions, feel free to reach out to our online customer service team by clicking on the bottom right corner. Weā€™re here to assist you 24/7.
Email:[email protected]

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
1 30466451
151 30412791
152 National foreword
154 CONTENTS
161 FOREWORD
163 INTRODUCTION
164 1 Scope
2 Normative references
165 3 Terms and definitions
168 4 System characteristics
4.1 General
4.2 System information
4.3 Torque/speed considerations
4.3.1 General
169 4.3.2 Torque/speed capability
Figures
FigureĀ 1 ā€“ Torque/speed capability
170 4.3.3 Electrical machine rating
4.3.4 Limiting factors on torque/speed capability
FigureĀ 2 ā€“ Current required by motor
171 4.3.5 Safe operating speed, over-speed capability and over-speed test
4.3.6 Cooling arrangement
Tables
TableĀ 1 ā€“ Significant factors affecting torque/speed capability
172 4.3.7 Voltage/frequency characteristics
4.3.8 Resonant speed bands
FigureĀ 3 ā€“ Examples of possible converter output voltage/frequency characteristics
173 4.3.9 Duty cycles
4.4 Electrical machine requirements
174 TableĀ 2 ā€“ Electrical machine design considerations
175 TableĀ 3 ā€“ Electrical machine parameters for the tuning of the converter
176 5 Losses and their effects (for induction electrical machines fed from voltage source converters)
5.1 General
177 5.2 Location of the additional losses due to converter supply and ways to reduce them
FigureĀ 4 ā€“ Example for the dependence of the electrical machine losses caused by harmonics Ph, related to the losses Pf1 at operating frequency f1, on the switchingfrequency fs in case of 2 level voltage source converter supply
178 5.3 Converter features to reduce the electrical machine losses
5.3.1 Reduction of fundamental losses
5.3.2 Reduction of additional losses due to converter supply
FigureĀ 5 ā€“ Example of measured losses PL as a function of frequency f and supply type
179 5.4 Use of filters to reduce additional electrical machine losses due to converter supply
5.5 Temperature influence on life expectancy
FigureĀ 6 ā€“ Additional losses Ī”PL of an electrical machine (same electrical machine as FigureĀ 5) due to converter supply, as a function of pulse frequency fp, at 50Ā Hz rotational frequency
180 5.6 Determination of electrical machine efficiency
6 Acoustic noise, vibration and torsional oscillation
6.1 Acoustic noise
6.1.1 General
6.1.2 Changes in noise emission due to changes in speed
181 6.1.3 Magnetically excited noise
FigureĀ 7 ā€“ Relative fan noise as a function of fan speed
182 Figure 8 ā€“ Vibration modes of the stator core
183 6.1.4 Sound power level determination and limits
6.2 Vibration (excluding torsional oscillation)
6.2.1 General
184 6.2.2 Vibration level determination and limits
6.3 Torsional oscillation
185 7 Electrical machine insulation electrical stresses
7.1 General
7.2 Causes
Figure 9 ā€“ Typical surges at the terminals of an electrical machine fed from a PWM converter
186 Figure 10 ā€“ Typical voltage surges on one phase at the converter and at the electrical machine terminals (2 ms/division)
FigureĀ 11 ā€“ Individual short rise-time surge from FigureĀ 10 (1Ā Ī¼s/division)
187 7.3 Winding electrical stress
Figure 12 ā€“ Definition of the rise-time tr of the voltage pulse at the electrical machine terminals
188 7.4 Limits and responsibility
7.4.1 Electrical machines design for low voltage (ā‰¤ 1 000 V)
FigureĀ 13 ā€“ First turn voltage as a function of the rise-time
189 7.4.2 Electrical machines designed for medium and high voltage (> 1 000 V)
7.5 Methods of reduction of voltage stress
Table 4 ā€“ Operating voltage at the terminals in units of UN where the electrical machines may operate reliably without special agreements between manufacturers and system integrators
190 7.6 Insulation stress limitation
Figure 14 ā€“ Discharge pulse occurring as a result of converter generated voltage surge at electrical machine terminals (100 ns/division)
191 8 Bearing currents
8.1 Sources of bearing currents in converter-fed electrical motors
8.1.1 General
8.1.2 Circulating currents due to magnetic asymmetry
8.1.3 Electrostatic build-up
8.1.4 High-frequency effects in converter operation
FigureĀ 15 ā€“ Classification of bearing currents
192 Figure 16 ā€“ Parasitic impedances to earth of drive system components
193 8.2 Generation of high-frequency bearing currents
8.2.1 Common mode voltage
Figure 17 ā€“ Common mode voltage a) determination b) waveform example
194 8.2.2 Motor HF equivalent circuit and the resulting bearing current types
Figure 18 ā€“ HF equivalent circuit diagram (a) of a motor (b) geometrical representation of capacitances
195 Figure 19 ā€“ Graphical representation of the different high frequency bearing current types in the drive unit highlighting the involved physical components
196 8.2.3 Circulating current
8.2.4 Rotor ground current
Figure 20 ā€“ Principle of circulating currents formation
197 8.2.5 Electrostatic Discharge Machining (EDM) currents
Figure 21 ā€“ Rotor ground current principle
198 8.3 Consequences of excessive bearing currents
Figure 22 ā€“ Example of measured EDM-current pulses for a 400 V and 500 kW induction motor in converter operation
199 FigureĀ 23 ā€“ Photographs of damaged motor bearings
200 TableĀ 5 ā€“ Different grades of roller bearing damages
202 8.4 Preventing high-frequency bearing current damage
8.4.1 Basic approaches
203 8.4.2 Other preventive measures
204 TableĀ 6 ā€“ Effectiveness of bearing current counter measures
206 8.4.3 Other factors and features influencing the bearing currents
8.5 Additional considerations for electrical motors fed by high voltage source converters
8.5.1 General
8.5.2 Bearing protection of cage induction, brushless synchronous and permanent magnet electrical motors
8.5.3 Bearing protection for slip-ring electrical motors and for synchronous electrical motors with brush excitation
207 8.6 Bearing current protection for electrical motors fed by high-voltage current source converters
9 Installation
9.1 Earthing, bonding and cabling
9.1.1 General
9.1.2 Earthing
9.1.3 Bonding of electrical machines
208 9.1.4 Electrical machine power cables for high switching frequency converters
Figure 24 ā€“ Bonding strap from electrical machine terminal box to electrical machine frame
209 Figure 25 ā€“ Examples of shielded electrical machine cables and connections
210 FigureĀ 26 ā€“ Parallel symmetrical cabling of high-power converter and electrical machine
211 Figure 27 ā€“ Converter connections with 360Āŗ HF cable glands showing the Faraday cage
FigureĀ 28 ā€“ Electrical machine end termination with 360Āŗ connection
212 FigureĀ 29 ā€“ Cable shield connection
213 9.2 Reactors and filters
9.2.1 General
9.2.2 Output reactors
9.2.3 Voltage limiting filter (du/dt filter)
9.2.4 Sinusoidal filter
9.2.5 Electrical machine termination unit
214 9.3 Power factor correction
FigureĀ 30 ā€“ Characteristics of preventative measures
215 9.4 Integral electrical machines (integrated electrical machine and drive modules)
10 Additional considerations for permanent magnet (PM) synchronous electrical machines fed by voltage source converters
10.1 System characteristics
10.2 Losses and their effects
216 10.3 Noise, vibration and torsional oscillation
10.4 Electrical machine insulation electrical stresses
10.5 Bearing currents
10.6 Particular aspects of permanent magnets
11 Additional considerations for cage induction electrical machines fed by high voltage source converters
11.1 General
217 11.2 System characteristics
FigureĀ 31 ā€“ Schematic of typical three-level converter
FigureĀ 32 ā€“ Output voltage and current from typical three-level converter
218 11.3 Losses and their effects
11.3.1 Additional losses in the stator and rotor winding
11.3.2 Measurement of additional losses
11.4 Noise, vibration and torsional oscillation
219 11.5 Electrical machine insulation electrical stresses
11.5.1 General
11.5.2 Electrical machine terminal overvoltage
11.5.3 Stator winding voltage stresses in converter applications
FigureĀ 33 ā€“ Typical first turn voltage Ī”U (as a percentageof the line-to-ground voltage) as a function of du/dt
220 Figure 34 ā€“ Medium-voltage and high-voltage form-wound coil insulating and voltage stress control materials
221 11.6 Bearing currents
12 Additional considerations for synchronous electrical machines fed by voltage source converters
12.1 System characteristics
12.2 Losses and their effects
12.3 Noise, vibration and torsional oscillation
12.4 Electrical machine insulation electrical stresses
222 12.5 Bearing currents
13 Additional considerations for cage induction electrical machines fed by block-type current source converters
13.1 System characteristics (see FigureĀ 35 and FigureĀ 36)
FigureĀ 35 ā€“ Schematic of block-type current source converter
FigureĀ 36 ā€“ Current and voltage waveforms of block-type current source converter
223 13.2 Losses and their effects
224 Figure 37 ā€“ Influence of converter supply on the losses of a cage induction electrical machine (frame size 315 M, design N) with rated values of torque and speed
225 13.3 Noise, vibration and torsional oscillation
13.4 Electrical machine insulation electrical stresses
13.5 Bearing currents
226 13.6 Additional considerations for six-phase cage induction electrical machines
14 Additional considerations for synchronous electrical machines fed by LCI
14.1 System characteristics
Figure 38 ā€“ Schematic and voltage and current waveforms for a synchronous electrical machine supplied from a current source converter
227 14.2 Losses and their effects
14.3 Noise, vibration and torsional oscillation
14.4 Electrical machine insulation electrical stresses
14.5 Bearing currents
228 15 Additional considerations for cage induction electrical machines fed by pulsed current source converters (PWM CSI)
15.1 System characteristics (see FigureĀ 39)
FigureĀ 39 ā€“ Schematic of pulsed current source converter
FigureĀ 40 ā€“ Voltages and currents of pulsed current source converter
229 15.2 Losses and their effects
15.3 Noise, vibration and torsional oscillation
15.4 Electrical machine insulation electrical stresses
15.5 Bearing currents
16 Wound rotor induction (asynchronous) electrical machines supplied by voltage source converters in the rotor circuit
16.1 System characteristics
16.2 Losses and their effects
230 16.3 Noise, vibration and torsional oscillation
16.4 Electrical machine insulation electrical stresses
16.5 Bearing currents
17 Other electrical machine/converter systems
17.1 Drives supplied by cyclo-converters
FigureĀ 41 ā€“ Schematic of cyclo-converter
231 FigureĀ 42 ā€“ Voltage and current waveforms of a cyclo-converter
232 17.2 Wound rotor induction (asynchronous) electrical machines supplied by current source converters in the rotor circuit
18 Special consideration for standard fixed-speed induction electrical machines in the scope of IECĀ 60034-12 when fed from voltage source converter and motor requirements to be considered a converter capable motor
18.1 General
233 Figure 43 ā€“ Diagram comparing converter capable motor to converter duty motor
234 18.2 Torque derating during converter operation
18.2.1 General
Figure 44 ā€“ Fundamental voltage U1 as a function of operating frequency f1
235 18.2.2 Self-cooled motors
Figure 45 ā€“ Torque derating factor for cage induction electrical machines of design N, IC 411 (self-circulating cooling) as a function of operating frequency f1 (example)
236 18.2.3 Non self-cooled motors
18.3 Losses and their effects
18.4 Noise, vibrations and torsional oscillation
18.5 Electrical machine insulation electrical stresses
18.5.1 General
237 18.5.2 Converter capable motor
18.6 Bearing currents in converter capable motors
238 18.7 Speed range mechanical limits
18.7.1 General
18.7.2 Maximum speed
18.7.3 Minimum speed
239 18.8 Overload torque capability
18.9 Excess overload current limits
18.9.1 General
18.9.2 Converter capable motor
18.10 Volts/Hz ratio and voltage boost
18.11 Resonance
18.12 Hazardous area operation
18.12.1 General
240 18.12.2 Converter capable motor
241 18.13 Unusual service conditions
18.13.1 Converter capable motors
18.13.2 Unusual converter-fed applications
19 Additional considerations for synchronous reluctance electrical machine fed by voltage source converters
19.1 System characteristics
19.2 Losses and their effects
19.3 Noise, vibration and torsional oscillation
19.4 Electrical machine insulation electrical stresses
19.5 Bearing currents
242 19.6 Particular aspects of synchronous reluctance electrical machines
243 Annex A (informative) Converter characteristics
A.1 Converter control types
A.1.1 General
244 A.1.2 Converter type considerations
A.2 Converter output voltage generation (for voltage source converters)
A.2.1 Pulse width modulation (PWM)
245 A.2.2 Hysteresis (sliding mode)
A.2.3 Influence of switching frequency
Figure A.1 ā€“ Effects of switching frequency on electrical machine and converter losses
246 A.2.4 Multi-level converters
FigureĀ A.2 ā€“ Effects of switching frequency on acoustic noise
FigureĀ A.3 ā€“ Effects of switching frequency on torque ripple
247 A.2.5 Parallel converter operation
248 Annex B (informative) Output characteristics of 2 level voltage source converter spectra
Figure B.1 ā€“ Waveform of line-to-line voltage ULL for voltage source converter supply with switching frequency fs = 30 Ɨ f1 (example)
249 FigureĀ B.2 ā€“ Typical output voltage frequency spectra for a constant frequency PWM control versus hysteresis control
Figure B.3 ā€“ Typical output voltage frequency spectra for random frequency PWM versus hysteresis control
250 FigureĀ B.4 ā€“ Typical output voltage frequency spectra for a two-phase modulated control versus hysteresis modulation
FigureĀ B.5 ā€“ Typical time characteristics of electrical machine current for a Constant frequency PWM control versus hysteresis control
251 FigureĀ B.6 ā€“ Typical time characteristics of electrical machine current for a two-phase modulated control versus hysteresis modulation
252 Annex C (informative) Voltages to be expected at the power interface between converter and electrical machine
Figure C.1 ā€“ Example of typical voltage curves and parameters ofa two level inverter versus time at the electrical machine terminals (phase to phase voltage; taken from IEC TS 61800-8)
256 Annex D (informative) Speed and harmonic capability of converter capable induction motor
D.1 General
D.2 Harmonic capability of converter capable motors
257 D.3 Speed capability and derating in variable torque application
D.4 Speed capability and derating in a constant torque application
FigureĀ D.1 ā€“ Derating curve for harmonic voltages
258 Figure D.2 ā€“ Torque capability at reduced speeds due to the effects of reduced cooling (applyies to 50 Hz or 60 Hz design N)
259 Bibliography
BSI PD IEC TS 60034-25:2022 - TC 2023
$280.87