| PDF Pages<\/th>\n | PDF Title<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2<\/td>\n | undefined <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 4<\/td>\n | CONTENTS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 8<\/td>\n | FOREWORD <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 10<\/td>\n | 1 Scope 2 Normative references 3 Terms and definitions 3.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 11<\/td>\n | Figures Figure 1 \u2013 Major components that can be found in a VSC substation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 12<\/td>\n | 3.2 Letter symbols 3.3 VSC transmission <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 13<\/td>\n | 3.4 Power losses 4 VSC transmission overview 4.1 Basic operating principles of VSC transmission 4.1.1 Voltage sourced converter as a black box <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 14<\/td>\n | 4.1.2 Principles of active and reactive power control Figure 2 \u2013 Diagram of a generic voltage source converter <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 15<\/td>\n | Figure 3 \u2013 Principle of active power control <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 16<\/td>\n | 4.1.3 Operating principles of a VSC transmission scheme Figure 4 \u2013 Principle of reactive power control Figure 5 \u2013 A point-to-point VSC transmission scheme <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 17<\/td>\n | 4.1.4 Applications of VSC transmission 4.2 Design life 4.3 VSC transmission configurations 4.3.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 18<\/td>\n | 4.3.2 DC circuit configurations 4.3.3 Monopole configuration Figure 6 \u2013 VSC transmission with a symmetrical monopole <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 19<\/td>\n | 4.3.4 Bipolar configuration Figure 7 \u2013 VSC transmission with an asymmetrical monopole with metallic return Figure 8 \u2013 VSC transmission with an asymmetrical monopole with earth return Figure 9 \u2013 VSC transmission in bipolar configuration with earth return <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 20<\/td>\n | 4.3.5 Parallel connection of two converters Figure 10 \u2013 VSC transmission in bipolar configuration with dedicated metallic return Figure 11 \u2013 VSC transmission in rigid bipolar configuration <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 21<\/td>\n | 4.3.6 Series connection of two converters 4.3.7 Parallel and series connection of more than two converters 4.4 Semiconductors for VSC transmission Figure 12 \u2013 Parallel connection of two converter units <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 22<\/td>\n | Figure 13 \u2013 Symbol of a turn-off semiconductor device and associated free-wheeling diode Figure 14 \u2013 Symbol of an IGBT and associated free-wheeling diode <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 23<\/td>\n | 5 VSC transmission converter topologies 5.1 General 5.2 Converter topologies with VSC valves of switch type 5.2.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 24<\/td>\n | 5.2.2 Operating principle 5.2.3 Topologies <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 25<\/td>\n | Figure 15 \u2013 Diagram of a three-phase 2-level converter and associated AC waveform for one phase Figure 16 \u2013 Single-phase AC output for 2-level converter with PWM switching at 21 times fundamental frequency <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 26<\/td>\n | Figure 17 \u2013 Diagram of a three-phase 3-level NPC converter and associated AC waveform for one phase <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 27<\/td>\n | 5.3 Converter topologies with VSC valves of the controllable voltage source type 5.3.1 General Figure 18 \u2013 Single-phase AC output for 3-level NPC converter with PWM switching at 21 times fundamental frequency <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 28<\/td>\n | 5.3.2 MMC topology with VSC levels in half-bridge topology Figure 19 \u2013 Electrical equivalent for a converter with VSC valves acting like a controllable voltage source <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 29<\/td>\n | Figure 20 \u2013 VSC valve level arrangement and equivalent circuit in MMC topology in half-bridge topology Figure 21 \u2013 Converter block arrangement with MMC topology in half-bridge topology <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 30<\/td>\n | 5.3.3 MMC topology with VSC levels in full-bridge topology 5.3.4 CTL topology with VSC cells in half-bridge topology 5.3.5 CTL topology with VSC cells in full-bridge topology Figure 22 \u2013 VSC valve level arrangement and equivalent circuit in MMC topology with full-bridge topology <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 31<\/td>\n | 5.4 VSC valve design considerations 5.4.1 Reliability and failure mode 5.4.2 Current rating 5.4.3 Transient current and voltage requirements Figure 23 \u2013 Typical SSOA for the IGBT <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 32<\/td>\n | 5.4.4 Diode requirements 5.4.5 Additional design details Figure 24 \u2013 A 2-level VSC bridge with the IGBTs turned off <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 33<\/td>\n | 5.5 Other converter topologies 5.6 Other equipment for VSC transmission schemes 5.6.1 General 5.6.2 Power components of a VSC transmission scheme <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 34<\/td>\n | 5.6.3 VSC substation circuit breaker 5.6.4 AC system side harmonic filters 5.6.5 Radio frequency interference filters 5.6.6 Interface transformers and phase reactors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 35<\/td>\n | 5.6.7 Valve reactor 5.6.8 DC capacitors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 37<\/td>\n | 5.6.9 DC reactor <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 38<\/td>\n | 5.6.10 DC filter 5.6.11 Dynamic braking system 6 Overview of VSC controls 6.1 General Figure 25 \u2013 Representing a VSC unit as an AC voltage of magnitude U and phase angle \u03b4 behind reactance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 39<\/td>\n | 6.2 Operational modes and operational options Figure 26 \u2013 Concept of vector control <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 40<\/td>\n | 6.3 Power transfer 6.3.1 General 6.3.2 Telecommunication between converter stations 6.4 Reactive power and AC voltage control 6.4.1 AC voltage control Figure 27 \u2013 VSC power controller <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 41<\/td>\n | 6.4.2 Reactive power control 6.5 Black start capability 6.6 Supply from a wind farm Figure 28 \u2013 AC voltage controller <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 42<\/td>\n | 7 Steady-state operation 7.1 Steady-state capability <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 43<\/td>\n | 7.2 Converter power losses Figure 29 \u2013 A typical simplified PQ diagram <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 44<\/td>\n | 8 Dynamic performance 8.1 AC system disturbances 8.2 DC system disturbances 8.2.1 DC cable fault <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 45<\/td>\n | 8.2.2 DC overhead line fault 8.3 Internal faults Figure 30 \u2013 Protection concept of a VSC substation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 46<\/td>\n | 9 HVDC performance requirements 9.1 Harmonic performance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 47<\/td>\n | 9.2 Wave distortion 9.3 Fundamental and harmonics 9.3.1 Three-phase 2-level VSC 9.3.2 Multi-pulse and multi-level converters Figure 31 \u2013 Waveforms for three-phase 2-level VSC <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 48<\/td>\n | 9.4 Harmonic voltages on power systems due to VSC operation 9.5 Design considerations for harmonic filters (AC side) 9.6 DC side filtering Figure 32 \u2013 Equivalent circuit at the PCC of the VSC <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 49<\/td>\n | 10 Environmental impact 10.1 General 10.2 Audible noise 10.3 Electric and magnetic fields (EMF) 10.4 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 50<\/td>\n | 11 Testing and commissioning 11.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 51<\/td>\n | 11.2 Factory tests 11.2.1 Component tests 11.2.2 Control system tests 11.3 Commissioning tests\/system tests 11.3.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 52<\/td>\n | 11.3.2 Precommissioning tests 11.3.3 Subsystem tests 11.3.4 System tests <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 57<\/td>\n | Annex A (informative) Functional specification requirements for VSC transmission systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 63<\/td>\n | Annex B (informative) Modulation strategies for 2-level converters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 64<\/td>\n | Figure B.1 \u2013 Voltage harmonics spectra of a 2-level VSC with carrier frequency at 21st harmonic <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 65<\/td>\n | Figure B.2 \u2013 Phase output voltage for selective harmonic elimination modulation (SHEM) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 66<\/td>\n | Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" High-voltage direct current (HVDC) power transmission using voltage sourced converters (VSC)<\/b><\/p>\n |