{"id":420154,"date":"2024-10-20T06:29:37","date_gmt":"2024-10-20T06:29:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/product\/uncategorized\/bsi-pd-clc-tr-506092014-3\/"},"modified":"2024-10-26T12:08:37","modified_gmt":"2024-10-26T12:08:37","slug":"bsi-pd-clc-tr-506092014-3","status":"publish","type":"product","link":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/product\/publishers\/bsi\/bsi-pd-clc-tr-506092014-3\/","title":{"rendered":"BSI PD CLC\/TR 50609:2014"},"content":{"rendered":"

This Technical Report applies to HVDC Systems having more than two converter stations connected to a common DC network, also referred to as HVDC Grid Systems. Serving the near term applications, this report describes radial HVDC network structures as well as pure VSC based solutions. Both grounded and ungrounded DC circuits are considered.<\/p>\n

Based on typical requirements applied to state of the art HVDC converter stations today this report addresses aspects that are specifically related to the design and operation of converter stations and DC circuits in HVDC Grid Systems. The requirements from the AC systems as known today are included. Secondary effects associated with changing the AC systems, e.g. the replacement of rotating machines by power electronic devices, are not within the scope of the present report.<\/p>\n

The report summarizes applications and concepts of HVDC Grid Systems with the purpose of preparing the ground for standardization of such systems.<\/p>\n

The interface requirements and functional specifications given in this document are intended to support the specification and purchase of multi-vendor multiterminal HVDC Grid Systems.<\/p>\n

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PDF Pages<\/th>\nPDF Title<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
9<\/td>\nForeword <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10<\/td>\n0 Introduction
0.1 The European HVDC Grid Study Group <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11<\/td>\n0.2 Technology
0.2.1 Converters
0.2.2 DC Circuit <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12<\/td>\nFigure \u200e1-1 \u2014 Example of an HVDC Grid System having a meshed and radial structure
0.2.3 Technological Focus of the European HVDC Grid Study Group <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
14<\/td>\n1 Scope
2 Terminology and abbreviations
2.1 General
2.2 Terminology and abbreviations for HVDC Grid Systems used in this report <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
15<\/td>\n2.3 Proposed Terminology by the Study Group <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
16<\/td>\n3 Typical Applications of HVDC Grids
3.1 The Development of HVDC Grid Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
17<\/td>\n3.2 Planning Criteria for Topologies
3.2.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18<\/td>\n3.2.2 Power Transfer Requirements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
19<\/td>\n3.2.3 Reliability <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
21<\/td>\n3.2.4 Losses <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
23<\/td>\n3.2.5 Future Expansions
3.3 Technical Requirements
3.3.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
24<\/td>\n3.3.2 Converter Functionality <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
25<\/td>\n3.3.3 Start\/stop Behaviour of Individual Converter Stations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
26<\/td>\n3.3.4 Network Behaviour during Faults <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
27<\/td>\n3.3.5 DC-AC Interface Requirements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
28<\/td>\n3.3.6 The Role of Communication <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
29<\/td>\n3.4 Typical Applications \u2013 Relevant Topologies
3.4.1 General
3.4.2 Radial Topology <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
30<\/td>\na) One offshore wind power plant with connection to two (non-synchronized) AC systems
b) Two offshore wind power plants with connections to two AC systems
c) Two offshore wind power plants with cross connected parallel DC sea cables connected to one AC systems
Figure \u200e3-1 \u2014 Radial HVDC VSC system topologies illustrating possible configurations of the Kriegers Flak Combined Grid Solution <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
31<\/td>\n3.4.3 Meshed Topology
Figure \u200e3-2 \u2014 Meshed HVDC Grid System topology with redundancy by means of DC connectors
3.4.4 HVDC Grid Systems Connecting Offshore Wind Power Plants <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
32<\/td>\nFigure 3-3 \u2014 Possible grid-connection topology of approximately 1 000 MW offshore wind power at Kriegers Flak to two onshore not-synchronized AC systems of Denmark-East and Germany
3.4.5 Connection of a wind power plant to an existing HVDC VSC link
Figure 3-4 \u2014 Connection arrangements of a new offshore wind power plant to an existing HVDC Grid System <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
33<\/td>\n4 Principles of DC Load Flow
4.1 General
4.2 Structure of Load Flow Controls
4.2.1 General
4.2.2 Converter Station Controller <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
34<\/td>\n4.2.3 HVDC Grid Controller
4.2.3.1 General
4.2.3.2 Steady State Load Flow Control <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
35<\/td>\n4.2.3.3 Dynamic Load Flow Control <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
36<\/td>\n4.3 Converter Station Control Functions
4.3.1 General
4.3.2 DC Voltage (UDC) Stations
4.3.3 Active Power (PDC) and Frequency (f) Controlling Stations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
37<\/td>\n4.4 Paralleling Transmission Systems
4.4.1 General
4.4.2 Paralleling on AC and DC side
4.4.3 Paralleling on the AC side <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
38<\/td>\nFigure 4-1 \u2014 Network showing parallel operation of converters in various configurations (example)
4.4.4 Steady-State Loadflow in Hybrid AC\/DC Networks <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
39<\/td>\nFigure 4-2 \u2014 Active power flow through a DC Grid <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
40<\/td>\nFigure 4-3 \u2014 Wheeling active power between the AC and DC grids
4.5 Load Flow Control
4.5.1 DC Voltage Operating Range <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
41<\/td>\n4.5.2 Static and Dynamic System Stability
4.5.3 Step response <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
42<\/td>\nFigure 4-4 \u2014 Dynamic Response Parameters
4.6 HVDC Grid Control Concepts
4.6.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
43<\/td>\nTable \u200e4-1 \u2014 Requirement for HVDC Grid Controls <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
47<\/td>\n4.6.2 Voltage-Power Droop Together with Dead Band
4.6.2.1 General
4.6.2.2 Steady State DC Voltage Control
4.6.2.3 Dynamic DC Voltage Control <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
48<\/td>\nFigure 4-5 \u2014 Example of characteristics for five converters connected to a DC grid related to local DC voltage. The small squares are the steady-state operating points of the converters [CIGRE Technical Brochure No 533 [25]] <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
49<\/td>\n4.6.2.4 Block diagram for droop control with dead-band <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
50<\/td>\nFigure 4-6 \u2014 Block diagram for droop control with dead-band as used in power controlling converters
Figure 4-7 \u2014 Block diagram for droop control with dead-band used for the DC voltage controlling converter
4.6.3 Voltage-Current Droop
4.6.3.1 Control of the HVDC Grid Voltage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
51<\/td>\nFigure 4-8 \u2014 An HVDC converter slope control characteristic
4.6.3.2 HVDC Grid Common Control Block <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
52<\/td>\nFigure 4-9 \u2014 A basic controller for DC converter in a HVDC Grid System
4.6.3.3 Converter Interaction <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
53<\/td>\nFigure 4-10 \u2014 A Two-terminal HVDC Grid System with zero power flow
Figure 4-11 \u2014 A Two-terminal HVDC Grid System with power flow A to B <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
54<\/td>\nFigure 4-12 \u2014 Increased demand at Converter B
Figure 4-13 \u2014 HVDC Grid Controller optimization of the DC load flow <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
55<\/td>\nFigure 4-14 \u2014 A Two-terminal HVDC Grid System with power flow B to A
4.6.3.4 Power Flow Control
4.6.3.5 Voltage Optimizer <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
56<\/td>\n4.6.4 Voltage-Power Droop \u2014 Control of the HVDC Grid Voltage
Figure 4-15 \u2014 Schematic drawing of a HVDC Grid System illustrating the power, voltage and current measurement as applied for Formulae (4-1), (4-2) and (4-3) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
57<\/td>\nFigure 4-16 \u2014 Overview of a Converter Station Controller <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
58<\/td>\nFigure 4-17 \u2014 Voltage-Current Characteristic of the HVDC Converter Station Controller
Figure 4-18 \u2014 Control Characteristic for and <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
59<\/td>\nFigure 4-19 \u2014 Operating Boundaries for Control
Figure 4-20 \u2014 Ud-Id Diagram of a HVDC Grid System
4.7 Benchmark Simulations of Control Concepts
4.7.1 Case Study <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
60<\/td>\nTable 4-2 lists the individual benchmark cases analysed.
4.7.2 Results
Figure 4-21 \u2014 Benchmark Model <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
61<\/td>\nFigure 4-22 \u2014 Benchmark grid parameters
Table 4-2 \u2014 Benchmark cases <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
62<\/td>\nFigure 4-23 \u2014 Case 8 \u2013 Steady State after disconnection of Station A
Figure 4-24 \u2014 Case 10 \u2013 Steady State values after disconnection of Station C
4.7.3 Conclusions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
63<\/td>\n4.7.4 Interoperability
5 Short-Circuit Currents and Earthing
5.1 General
5.2 Calculation of Short-Circuit Currents in HVDC Grid Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
65<\/td>\n5.3 Network Topologies and their Influence on Short-Circuit Currents
5.3.1 Influence of DC Network Structure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
66<\/td>\na) Point-to-point connection
b) Radial structure
c) Meshed grid
Figure 5-1 \u2014 Topologies of HVDC Grid Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
67<\/td>\nFigure 5-2 \u2014 Short-circuit current in a radial network topology with a variable number of converter stations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
68<\/td>\n5.3.2 Influence of Line Discharge
Figure 5-3 \u2014 Example of Short-circuit current for a line-to-earth fault (earthed cable shield and point-to-point connection) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
69<\/td>\nFigure 5-4 \u2014 Example of Short-circuit current in case of a line-to-earth fault at an overhead line for a combined overhead line\/cable connection (earthed cable shield and point-to-point connection)
5.3.3 Influence of Capacitors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
70<\/td>\nFigure 5-5 \u2014 Equivalent circuit of a capacitor bank
Figure 5-6 \u2014 Example of the Contribution of a capacitor to a short-circuit current <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
71<\/td>\n5.3.4 Contribution of Converter Stations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
72<\/td>\nFigure 5-7 \u2014 Current Types of converters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
73<\/td>\nFigure 5-8 \u2014 Equivalent circuit of the converter for the short-circuit calculation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
74<\/td>\nFigure 5-9 \u2014 DC side short-circuit current of a MCC Half Bridge type Converter [20]
Figure 5-10 \u2014 DC side short-circuit current of a MMC Full Bridge type converter
5.3.5 Methods of Earthing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
75<\/td>\nFigure 5-11 \u2014 DC line fault cases and grounding methods of the DC circuit
5.4 Secondary Conditions for Calculating the Maximum\/Minimum Short-Circuit Current <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
76<\/td>\n5.5 Calculation of the Total Short-Circuit Current (Super Position Method) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
77<\/td>\nFigure 5-12 \u2014 Standard approximation function according to [18]
5.6 Reduction of Short-Circuit Currents <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
78<\/td>\nFigure 5.13 \u2014 Measures to reduce short-circuit currents (Single line diagrams) a) system separation b) current limiting reactor c) high-speed decoupling d) HVDC link
6 Principles of HVDC Grid Protection
6.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
79<\/td>\n6.2 HVDC Grid System
Figure 6-1 \u2014 Principle structure of a HVDC Grid System <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
80<\/td>\nTable 6-1 \u2014 Fault isolation time and breaking device type required
6.3 AC\/DC Converter
6.3.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
81<\/td>\nFigure 6-2 \u2014 Definition of the Points of Common Connection on the AC and DC side
6.3.2 DC System <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
82<\/td>\n6.3.3 HVDC Switchyard
6.3.4 HVDC System without Fast Dynamic Isolation
6.3.5 HVDC System with Fast Dynamic Isolation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
83<\/td>\n6.4 DC Protection
6.4.1 General
6.4.2 DC Converter Protections <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
84<\/td>\nFigure 6-3 \u2014 Typical Protections System for a symmetrical monopole VSC Converter <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
85<\/td>\n6.4.3 Protective Shut Down of a Converter <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
86<\/td>\n6.4.4 DC System Protections
6.4.5 DC Equipment Protections
6.5 Clearance of Earth Faults
6.5.1 Clearance of a DC Pole-to-Earth Fault <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
87<\/td>\n6.5.2 Clearance of a Pole-to Pole Short Circuit
6.5.3 Clearance of a Converter side AC Phase-to-Earth Fault
Figure 6-4 \u2014 Clearance of converter side AC phase to earth fault by breaker BL
7 Functional Specifications
7.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
88<\/td>\n7.2 AC\/DC Converter Stations
7.2.1 DC System Characteristics
7.2.1.1 Voltages <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
89<\/td>\n7.2.1.2 Short-Circuit Characteristics
7.2.1.3 Insulation Levels
7.2.1.4 Specific Creepage Distances <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
90<\/td>\n7.2.1.5 Harmonic Voltage Distortion
7.2.1.6 Control Interaction
7.2.1.7 Network Stability Equivalents
7.2.1.8 System Grounding <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
91<\/td>\n7.2.2 Operational Modes
7.2.2.1 Concept of Fault Clearing
Table 7-1 \u2014 Fault isolation time and switching device type required
7.2.2.2 Operational Modes and Operational Options <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
93<\/td>\n7.2.2.3 Short-Circuit Current Contribution of Converter Station <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
94<\/td>\n7.2.2.4 DC Side Harmonic Performance Requirements
7.2.2.5 Insulation Coordination
7.2.2.6 Converter Control and Protection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
97<\/td>\n7.2.3 Testing and Commissioning
7.2.3.1 General Requirements
7.2.3.2 Factory Tests
7.2.3.3 Site Tests <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
98<\/td>\n7.3 HVDC breaker
7.3.1 System Requirements
7.3.2 System Functions
7.3.3 Interfaces and Overall Architecture
7.3.4 Service Requirements
7.3.5 Technical System Requirements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
99<\/td>\nTable 7-2 \u2014 HVDC breaker system requirements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
101<\/td>\nAnnex A (informative) HVDC \u2013 Grid Control Study <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
103<\/td>\nFigure A.1 \u2014 Case 8 voltage values
Figure A.2 \u2014 Case 8 current values <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
104<\/td>\nFigure A.3 \u2014 Case 8 power values <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
106<\/td>\nFigure A.4 \u2014 Case 10 voltage values
Figure A.5 \u2014 Case 10 current values <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
107<\/td>\nFigure A.6 \u2014 Case 10 power values <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
108<\/td>\nAnnex B (informative) Fault Behaviour of Full Bridge Type MMC
B.1 Introduction
B.2 Test Results
B.3 DC to DC Terminal Faults <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
109<\/td>\nB.4 DC Terminal to Ground Faults
B.5 Conclusion <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
110<\/td>\nFigure B.1 \u2014 Multi-Modular Full Bridge Voltage Source Converter <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
111<\/td>\na) Rectifier End
Figure B.2 (continued) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
112<\/td>\nb) Inverter End
Figure B.2 \u2014 DC to DC fault at Rectifier <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
113<\/td>\na) Rectifier End
Figure B.3 (continued) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
114<\/td>\nb) Inverter End
Figure B.3 \u2014 DC to DC fault at Inverter <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
115<\/td>\na) Rectifier End
Figure B.4 (continued) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
116<\/td>\nb) Inverter End
Figure B.4 \u2014 DC to Ground fault at Rectifier <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
117<\/td>\na) Rectifier End
Figure B.5 (continued) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
118<\/td>\nb) Inverter End
Figure B.5 \u2014 DC to Ground fault at Inverter <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
119<\/td>\na) Rectifier End
Figure B.6 (continued) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
120<\/td>\nb) Inverter
Figure B.6 \u2014 DC to Ground fault at Inverter (No Converter Protection Action) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
121<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Technical Guidelines for Radial HVDC Networks<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Published By<\/td>\nPublication Date<\/td>\nNumber of Pages<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
BSI<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n2014<\/td>\n124<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":420164,"template":"","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"ep_exclude_from_search":false},"product_cat":[543,2641],"product_tag":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-420154","1":"product","2":"type-product","3":"status-publish","4":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"product_cat-29-240-01","7":"product_cat-bsi","9":"first","10":"instock","11":"sold-individually","12":"shipping-taxable","13":"purchasable","14":"product-type-simple"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product\/420154","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/product"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/420164"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=420154"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"product_cat","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_cat?post=420154"},{"taxonomy":"product_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_tag?post=420154"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}