| PDF Pages<\/th>\n | PDF Title<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1<\/td>\n | 30466451 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 151<\/td>\n | 30412791 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 152<\/td>\n | National foreword <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 154<\/td>\n | CONTENTS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 161<\/td>\n | FOREWORD <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 163<\/td>\n | INTRODUCTION <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 164<\/td>\n | 1 Scope 2 Normative references <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 165<\/td>\n | 3 Terms and definitions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 168<\/td>\n | 4 System characteristics 4.1 General 4.2 System information 4.3 Torque\/speed considerations 4.3.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 169<\/td>\n | 4.3.2 Torque\/speed capability Figures Figure\u00a01 \u2013 Torque\/speed capability <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 170<\/td>\n | 4.3.3 Electrical machine rating 4.3.4 Limiting factors on torque\/speed capability Figure\u00a02 \u2013 Current required by motor <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 171<\/td>\n | 4.3.5 Safe operating speed, over-speed capability and over-speed test 4.3.6 Cooling arrangement Tables Table\u00a01 \u2013 Significant factors affecting torque\/speed capability <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 172<\/td>\n | 4.3.7 Voltage\/frequency characteristics 4.3.8 Resonant speed bands Figure\u00a03 \u2013 Examples of possible converter output voltage\/frequency characteristics <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 173<\/td>\n | 4.3.9 Duty cycles 4.4 Electrical machine requirements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 174<\/td>\n | Table\u00a02 \u2013 Electrical machine design considerations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 175<\/td>\n | Table\u00a03 \u2013 Electrical machine parameters for the tuning of the converter <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 176<\/td>\n | 5 Losses and their effects (for induction electrical machines fed from voltage source converters) 5.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 177<\/td>\n | 5.2 Location of the additional losses due to converter supply and ways to reduce them Figure\u00a04 \u2013 Example for the dependence of the electrical machine losses caused by harmonics Ph, related to the losses Pf1 at operating frequency f1, on the switchingfrequency fs in case of 2 level voltage source converter supply <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 178<\/td>\n | 5.3 Converter features to reduce the electrical machine losses 5.3.1 Reduction of fundamental losses 5.3.2 Reduction of additional losses due to converter supply Figure\u00a05 \u2013 Example of measured losses PL as a function of frequency f and supply type <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 179<\/td>\n | 5.4 Use of filters to reduce additional electrical machine losses due to converter supply 5.5 Temperature influence on life expectancy Figure\u00a06 \u2013 Additional losses \u0394PL of an electrical machine (same electrical machine as Figure\u00a05) due to converter supply, as a function of pulse frequency fp, at 50\u00a0Hz rotational frequency <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 180<\/td>\n | 5.6 Determination of electrical machine efficiency 6 Acoustic noise, vibration and torsional oscillation 6.1 Acoustic noise 6.1.1 General 6.1.2 Changes in noise emission due to changes in speed <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 181<\/td>\n | 6.1.3 Magnetically excited noise Figure\u00a07 \u2013 Relative fan noise as a function of fan speed <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 182<\/td>\n | Figure 8 \u2013 Vibration modes of the stator core <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 183<\/td>\n | 6.1.4 Sound power level determination and limits 6.2 Vibration (excluding torsional oscillation) 6.2.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 184<\/td>\n | 6.2.2 Vibration level determination and limits 6.3 Torsional oscillation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 185<\/td>\n | 7 Electrical machine insulation electrical stresses 7.1 General 7.2 Causes Figure 9 \u2013 Typical surges at the terminals of an electrical machine fed from a PWM converter <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 186<\/td>\n | Figure 10 \u2013 Typical voltage surges on one phase at the converter and at the electrical machine terminals (2 ms\/division) Figure\u00a011 \u2013 Individual short rise-time surge from Figure\u00a010 (1\u00a0\u03bcs\/division) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 187<\/td>\n | 7.3 Winding electrical stress Figure 12 \u2013 Definition of the rise-time tr of the voltage pulse at the electrical machine terminals <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 188<\/td>\n | 7.4 Limits and responsibility 7.4.1 Electrical machines design for low voltage (\u2264 1 000 V) Figure\u00a013 \u2013 First turn voltage as a function of the rise-time <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 189<\/td>\n | 7.4.2 Electrical machines designed for medium and high voltage (> 1 000 V) 7.5 Methods of reduction of voltage stress Table 4 \u2013 Operating voltage at the terminals in units of UN where the electrical machines may operate reliably without special agreements between manufacturers and system integrators <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 190<\/td>\n | 7.6 Insulation stress limitation Figure 14 \u2013 Discharge pulse occurring as a result of converter generated voltage surge at electrical machine terminals (100 ns\/division) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 191<\/td>\n | 8 Bearing currents 8.1 Sources of bearing currents in converter-fed electrical motors 8.1.1 General 8.1.2 Circulating currents due to magnetic asymmetry 8.1.3 Electrostatic build-up 8.1.4 High-frequency effects in converter operation Figure\u00a015 \u2013 Classification of bearing currents <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 192<\/td>\n | Figure 16 \u2013 Parasitic impedances to earth of drive system components <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 193<\/td>\n | 8.2 Generation of high-frequency bearing currents 8.2.1 Common mode voltage Figure 17 \u2013 Common mode voltage a) determination b) waveform example <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 194<\/td>\n | 8.2.2 Motor HF equivalent circuit and the resulting bearing current types Figure 18 \u2013 HF equivalent circuit diagram (a) of a motor (b) geometrical representation of capacitances <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 195<\/td>\n | Figure 19 \u2013 Graphical representation of the different high frequency bearing current types in the drive unit highlighting the involved physical components <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 196<\/td>\n | 8.2.3 Circulating current 8.2.4 Rotor ground current Figure 20 \u2013 Principle of circulating currents formation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 197<\/td>\n | 8.2.5 Electrostatic Discharge Machining (EDM) currents Figure 21 \u2013 Rotor ground current principle <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 198<\/td>\n | 8.3 Consequences of excessive bearing currents Figure 22 \u2013 Example of measured EDM-current pulses for a 400 V and 500 kW induction motor in converter operation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 199<\/td>\n | Figure\u00a023 \u2013 Photographs of damaged motor bearings <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 200<\/td>\n | Table\u00a05 \u2013 Different grades of roller bearing damages <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 202<\/td>\n | 8.4 Preventing high-frequency bearing current damage 8.4.1 Basic approaches <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 203<\/td>\n | 8.4.2 Other preventive measures <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 204<\/td>\n | Table\u00a06 \u2013 Effectiveness of bearing current counter measures <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 206<\/td>\n | 8.4.3 Other factors and features influencing the bearing currents 8.5 Additional considerations for electrical motors fed by high voltage source converters 8.5.1 General 8.5.2 Bearing protection of cage induction, brushless synchronous and permanent magnet electrical motors 8.5.3 Bearing protection for slip-ring electrical motors and for synchronous electrical motors with brush excitation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 207<\/td>\n | 8.6 Bearing current protection for electrical motors fed by high-voltage current source converters 9 Installation 9.1 Earthing, bonding and cabling 9.1.1 General 9.1.2 Earthing 9.1.3 Bonding of electrical machines <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 208<\/td>\n | 9.1.4 Electrical machine power cables for high switching frequency converters Figure 24 \u2013 Bonding strap from electrical machine terminal box to electrical machine frame <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 209<\/td>\n | Figure 25 \u2013 Examples of shielded electrical machine cables and connections <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 210<\/td>\n | Figure\u00a026 \u2013 Parallel symmetrical cabling of high-power converter and electrical machine <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 211<\/td>\n | Figure 27 \u2013 Converter connections with 360\u00ba HF cable glands showing the Faraday cage Figure\u00a028 \u2013 Electrical machine end termination with 360\u00ba connection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 212<\/td>\n | Figure\u00a029 \u2013 Cable shield connection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 213<\/td>\n | 9.2 Reactors and filters 9.2.1 General 9.2.2 Output reactors 9.2.3 Voltage limiting filter (du\/dt filter) 9.2.4 Sinusoidal filter 9.2.5 Electrical machine termination unit <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 214<\/td>\n | 9.3 Power factor correction Figure\u00a030 \u2013 Characteristics of preventative measures <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 215<\/td>\n | 9.4 Integral electrical machines (integrated electrical machine and drive modules) 10 Additional considerations for permanent magnet (PM) synchronous electrical machines fed by voltage source converters 10.1 System characteristics 10.2 Losses and their effects <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 216<\/td>\n | 10.3 Noise, vibration and torsional oscillation 10.4 Electrical machine insulation electrical stresses 10.5 Bearing currents 10.6 Particular aspects of permanent magnets 11 Additional considerations for cage induction electrical machines fed by high voltage source converters 11.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 217<\/td>\n | 11.2 System characteristics Figure\u00a031 \u2013 Schematic of typical three-level converter Figure\u00a032 \u2013 Output voltage and current from typical three-level converter <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 218<\/td>\n | 11.3 Losses and their effects 11.3.1 Additional losses in the stator and rotor winding 11.3.2 Measurement of additional losses 11.4 Noise, vibration and torsional oscillation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 219<\/td>\n | 11.5 Electrical machine insulation electrical stresses 11.5.1 General 11.5.2 Electrical machine terminal overvoltage 11.5.3 Stator winding voltage stresses in converter applications Figure\u00a033 \u2013 Typical first turn voltage \u0394U (as a percentageof the line-to-ground voltage) as a function of du\/dt <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 220<\/td>\n | Figure 34 \u2013 Medium-voltage and high-voltage form-wound coil insulating and voltage stress control materials <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 221<\/td>\n | 11.6 Bearing currents 12 Additional considerations for synchronous electrical machines fed by voltage source converters 12.1 System characteristics 12.2 Losses and their effects 12.3 Noise, vibration and torsional oscillation 12.4 Electrical machine insulation electrical stresses <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 222<\/td>\n | 12.5 Bearing currents 13 Additional considerations for cage induction electrical machines fed by block-type current source converters 13.1 System characteristics (see Figure\u00a035 and Figure\u00a036) Figure\u00a035 \u2013 Schematic of block-type current source converter Figure\u00a036 \u2013 Current and voltage waveforms of block-type current source converter <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 223<\/td>\n | 13.2 Losses and their effects <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 224<\/td>\n | Figure 37 \u2013 Influence of converter supply on the losses of a cage induction electrical machine (frame size 315 M, design N) with rated values of torque and speed <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 225<\/td>\n | 13.3 Noise, vibration and torsional oscillation 13.4 Electrical machine insulation electrical stresses 13.5 Bearing currents <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 226<\/td>\n | 13.6 Additional considerations for six-phase cage induction electrical machines 14 Additional considerations for synchronous electrical machines fed by LCI 14.1 System characteristics Figure 38 \u2013 Schematic and voltage and current waveforms for a synchronous electrical machine supplied from a current source converter <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 227<\/td>\n | 14.2 Losses and their effects 14.3 Noise, vibration and torsional oscillation 14.4 Electrical machine insulation electrical stresses 14.5 Bearing currents <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 228<\/td>\n | 15 Additional considerations for cage induction electrical machines fed by pulsed current source converters (PWM CSI) 15.1 System characteristics (see Figure\u00a039) Figure\u00a039 \u2013 Schematic of pulsed current source converter Figure\u00a040 \u2013 Voltages and currents of pulsed current source converter <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 229<\/td>\n | 15.2 Losses and their effects 15.3 Noise, vibration and torsional oscillation 15.4 Electrical machine insulation electrical stresses 15.5 Bearing currents 16 Wound rotor induction (asynchronous) electrical machines supplied by voltage source converters in the rotor circuit 16.1 System characteristics 16.2 Losses and their effects <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 230<\/td>\n | 16.3 Noise, vibration and torsional oscillation 16.4 Electrical machine insulation electrical stresses 16.5 Bearing currents 17 Other electrical machine\/converter systems 17.1 Drives supplied by cyclo-converters Figure\u00a041 \u2013 Schematic of cyclo-converter <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 231<\/td>\n | Figure\u00a042 \u2013 Voltage and current waveforms of a cyclo-converter <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 232<\/td>\n | 17.2 Wound rotor induction (asynchronous) electrical machines supplied by current source converters in the rotor circuit 18 Special consideration for standard fixed-speed induction electrical machines in the scope of IEC\u00a060034-12 when fed from voltage source converter and motor requirements to be considered a converter capable motor 18.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 233<\/td>\n | Figure 43 \u2013 Diagram comparing converter capable motor to converter duty motor <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 234<\/td>\n | 18.2 Torque derating during converter operation 18.2.1 General Figure 44 \u2013 Fundamental voltage U1 as a function of operating frequency f1 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 235<\/td>\n | 18.2.2 Self-cooled motors Figure 45 \u2013 Torque derating factor for cage induction electrical machines of design N, IC 411 (self-circulating cooling) as a function of operating frequency f1 (example) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 236<\/td>\n | 18.2.3 Non self-cooled motors 18.3 Losses and their effects 18.4 Noise, vibrations and torsional oscillation 18.5 Electrical machine insulation electrical stresses 18.5.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 237<\/td>\n | 18.5.2 Converter capable motor 18.6 Bearing currents in converter capable motors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 238<\/td>\n | 18.7 Speed range mechanical limits 18.7.1 General 18.7.2 Maximum speed 18.7.3 Minimum speed <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 239<\/td>\n | 18.8 Overload torque capability 18.9 Excess overload current limits 18.9.1 General 18.9.2 Converter capable motor 18.10 Volts\/Hz ratio and voltage boost 18.11 Resonance 18.12 Hazardous area operation 18.12.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 240<\/td>\n | 18.12.2 Converter capable motor <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 241<\/td>\n | 18.13 Unusual service conditions 18.13.1 Converter capable motors 18.13.2 Unusual converter-fed applications 19 Additional considerations for synchronous reluctance electrical machine fed by voltage source converters 19.1 System characteristics 19.2 Losses and their effects 19.3 Noise, vibration and torsional oscillation 19.4 Electrical machine insulation electrical stresses 19.5 Bearing currents <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 242<\/td>\n | 19.6 Particular aspects of synchronous reluctance electrical machines <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 243<\/td>\n | Annex A (informative) Converter characteristics A.1 Converter control types A.1.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 244<\/td>\n | A.1.2 Converter type considerations A.2 Converter output voltage generation (for voltage source converters) A.2.1 Pulse width modulation (PWM) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 245<\/td>\n | A.2.2 Hysteresis (sliding mode) A.2.3 Influence of switching frequency Figure A.1 \u2013 Effects of switching frequency on electrical machine and converter losses <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 246<\/td>\n | A.2.4 Multi-level converters Figure\u00a0A.2 \u2013 Effects of switching frequency on acoustic noise Figure\u00a0A.3 \u2013 Effects of switching frequency on torque ripple <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 247<\/td>\n | A.2.5 Parallel converter operation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 248<\/td>\n | Annex B (informative) Output characteristics of 2 level voltage source converter spectra Figure B.1 \u2013 Waveform of line-to-line voltage ULL for voltage source converter supply with switching frequency fs = 30 \u00d7 f1 (example) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 249<\/td>\n | Figure\u00a0B.2 \u2013 Typical output voltage frequency spectra for a constant frequency PWM control versus hysteresis control Figure B.3 \u2013 Typical output voltage frequency spectra for random frequency PWM versus hysteresis control <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 250<\/td>\n | Figure\u00a0B.4 \u2013 Typical output voltage frequency spectra for a two-phase modulated control versus hysteresis modulation Figure\u00a0B.5 \u2013 Typical time characteristics of electrical machine current for a Constant frequency PWM control versus hysteresis control <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 251<\/td>\n | Figure\u00a0B.6 \u2013 Typical time characteristics of electrical machine current for a two-phase modulated control versus hysteresis modulation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 252<\/td>\n | Annex C (informative) Voltages to be expected at the power interface between converter and electrical machine Figure C.1 \u2013 Example of typical voltage curves and parameters ofa two level inverter versus time at the electrical machine terminals (phase to phase voltage; taken from IEC TS 61800-8) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 256<\/td>\n | Annex D (informative) Speed and harmonic capability of converter capable induction motor D.1 General D.2 Harmonic capability of converter capable motors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 257<\/td>\n | D.3 Speed capability and derating in variable torque application D.4 Speed capability and derating in a constant torque application Figure\u00a0D.1 \u2013 Derating curve for harmonic voltages <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 258<\/td>\n | Figure D.2 \u2013 Torque capability at reduced speeds due to the effects of reduced cooling (applyies to 50 Hz or 60 Hz design N) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 259<\/td>\n | Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Tracked Changes. Rotating electrical machines – AC electrical machines used in power drive systems. Application guide<\/b><\/p>\n |